Latin america Flashcards
Define middle income country
Between $4000 and $13,000 per capita GDP
-Historically less developed, most recently undergone rapid development that is comparable to develop countries
Defined low income country
- Less than $4000 GDP
- States that have had less progress development
What is the difference between imperialism and colonialism
Imperialism
- is extension of state power beyond its borders to directly controlled territory, resources and people
-driven by economic, strategic and religious motives
Colonialism
- physical occupation of foreign territories
How is the state exported?
New and artificial borders
Bureaucratic structures-
National language, often the imperial power
police and military
taxation
legal systems
public goods roads, schools, and hospitals
consequences have been mixed
What are the challenges to capacity in exporting of the state?
- absence of professional bureaucracy (Imperial vacuum)
- Clientelism, rent seeking and corruption
What are the challenges to autonomy in state building?
- patrimonialism-
- State captured and exploited
- kleptocracy
International pressures
-More powerful state and international actor shape states political decisions
Marx vs Weber
How to think about the state
Marx
executive committee of the powerful
-imposes domination
Weber
- Autonomous institution
- Struggles over monopoly of coercion
Political structures of early Latin America
After arrival of spanish
1519- council of the indies(Consejo de indias) highest legal power located in spain
1511- Audiencias (carribean) -for judges who hold executive and legislative powers
1535- Viceroyalties (Virreinatos) and captaincies (captinias)
Socioeconomic structures of Latin America
Encomiendas
-feudal system of control
-Encomenderos- lord that colonizers grant Land to to take care of people and Land
➡️ simulated to Spanish culture and religion
-large land holdings and large numbers of people controlled by Encomenderos to work plantations
start of stratification of society
Socioeconomic structures of Latin America
Merchantilism
- protectionist system(colonies enrich mother country, opposite of free trade)
- Quinto tax collected by central administration
Restrictions on trade by crown to other countries
Socioeconomic structures of Latin America
4Main groups
Natives
Whites (European and American born)
Castas Mestizos (mixed)
Blacks (slavery from Africa in some areas 17C)
Socioeconomic structures of Latin America Cross cutting cleavages
Criollos (Born in the Americas) vs.
Peninsulares (Born in Spain or Portugal)
Explain each of the main areas of policy change from the bourbon reforms
Religious
- expulsion of Jesuits (1767) from new world
- Crown no longer lives on religious authorities in territories
Military
- stronger forces
- “Fueros”-special rights given to military example right on property and special court
- small militias grew
- expanded military by crown and efficient fighting forces
Administrative
- Intendencias
- New viceroyalties
- more direct supervision
Economic -mining and trade -merchantilism ended -taxes increased in colonies 1778 to 1796 valley of exports increased four times
What are some of the results of the bourbon reforms
- increased revenues and tighter central control
- increased resentment of peninsulares by criolles
Some criolles start to call for independence(During time of American revolution)
French Revolution and Napoleon led to the collapse of Spanish rule
What was happening during the collapse of Spanish rule?
- Napoleon invaded Spain in 1808
- Charles Iv abdicates in favor of Son Ferdinand VII
- juntas take power
- Civil wars of independence until early 1820s
What were the challenges new republic’s faced as they gained independence in Latin America
Central control vs regional autonomy
Federal versus unitary system
Principal focus of power example executive legislative or military
Role of the church(conservatives favoured the church)
Conservatives favoured more central control
Liberals favourite local control
Presidential or parliamentary system
What were the fundamental structural problems for new republic’s?
1) weak political institutions after independence: Limited wars limited states?
No coercive monopolies of force
2) remember Weber and sources of legitimacy(traditional charismatic etc.)
- no longer traditional, not always institutional, personal charismatic came to dominate
Who are Caudillos (Caudilhos)? Give some characteristics
- personal charisma (Authoritarian rule)
- populist style
- intimidation
- client patron relationships
What is the relative deprivation model?
Revolutions are less the function of specific conditions then of the gap between actual conditions and public expectations
-example Iranian revolution 1979 Iran experience rapid modernization in decades before the revolution, it’s progress only increase people‘s expectations for greater freedom and equality especially among young adults
What is a Guerrilla War?
- non-state combatants
- largely accept traditional rules of war
- target state not civilians
What is Nihilism?
Belief that all institutions and values are essentially meaningless and that the only redeeming value a person can embrace is violence
What is the difference between import substitution and export oriented industrialization
Import substitution countries restrict imports, raising tariffs or nontariff barriers to spur demand for local alternatives. Feel demand new business is built the state funds creating subsidized or Paris Stadel industries
Export oriented industrialization countries sought out technologies and develop industries that focus specifically on export capitalizing on what is known as the product life cycle
What is the middle income trap
Situation where countries experience economic growth but are in unable to develop at speed necessary to catch up with developed countries
Summarize crenshaw’s “ The causes of terrorism”
Focusses on individual motivations that lead people to resort to terrorist acts other than a result of institutional factors such as authoritarianism or poverty
- certain structural preconditions can foster terrorism but they are not enough to explain its user growth
- looks at the role of a minority or elite group their grievances and perceived lack of alternatives and the internal culture they foster
