Latest test Flashcards
Primary brain from neural tube:
Prosencephalon
Mesencephalon
(midbrain)
Rhombencephalon
Prosencephalon
Telencephalon
Diencephalon
Mesencephalon
Mesencephalon
Rhombencephalon
Metaencephalon
Myelencephalon
Telencephalon
Cerebral hemisphere:
A-cerebral cortex
B-white matter
C-basal nuclei
Frontal lobe
1 Primary motor cortex (Skilled voluntary movement)
2 Premotor cortex (staging or planning area for learned motor patterns)
3 Brocas Area
4 Frontal eyefield
Parietal lobe
1 Primary Somato sensory cortex
2 somatosensory association area
Occipital lobe
- Primary visual cortex
2. Visual association areas
Temporal lobe
- Primary auditory cortex
- Auditory association areas
- Primary olfactory cortex
Insular lobe
1 Gustatory cortex
2 Visceral sensory area
3 Vestibular equilibrium area
Multimodel association areas
1 anterior
2 posterior
3 limbic
What is the primary motor cortex responsible for?
Skilled voluntary movement
What is the premotor cortex responsible for?
Staging or planing area for learned motor patterns
What region of the brain do neurons degenerate in parkinsons disease? *
Substantia nigra of the mesencephalon (control dopamine release and movement)
What branch of the nervous system is associated with increased GI tract motility? *
Parasympathetic nervous system of ANS
Name the 2 endogenous opiate neurotransmitters?
Endorphins and Enkephalins
What is the stretch receptor? *
Muscle spindle
What is the left side of the brain responsible for in lateralization? *
Language, math, and logic (using skills from math and science to answer a question)
What is the right side of the brain responsible for in lateralization? *
Visual skills, facial recognition, spatial skills, emotion, and intuition (problems on the fly like running and walking)
What is dual innervation?
The parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems counterbalance each other to keep systems running smoothly. The sympathetic increases heart rate, while the parasympathetic slows heart rate.
What is reciprocal innervation?
innervation so that the contraction of a muscle or set of muscles (as of a joint) is accompanied by the simultaneous inhibition of an antagonistic muscle or set of muscles
What is antagonism?
Antagonism is a relationship between organisms in which one benefits at the expense of the other.
The inhibition of motor neurons to antagonistic muscles while the stimulation of the motor neurons to the agonist muscles occurs in what type of innervation?
Reciprocal innervation
What is an agonist muscle?
The muscle that primarily causes the action to occur (biceps in a bicep curl)
What is an antagonist muscle?
The muscle the opposes the action of another (tricep extends while bicep flexe).
What type of channels open in excitatory postsynaptic graded potentials (EPSP’s) *
- chemically gated ion channels
- Na+ flows in, K+ out
- depolarization occurs
(positive ions flow in to cell) - membrane potential moves toward 0 mV (becoming more positive, moving towards threshold)
What type of channels open in inhibitory postsynaptic graded potentials (IPSP’s) *
- chemically gated ion channels
- Cl- flows in, K+ out
- hyperpolarization occurs
- membrane potential moves toward -90 mV (becoming more negative, moving away from threshold)
Is the resting neuron more permiable to K+ or Na+ *
K+
Functions of the sodium-potassium pump? *
- stabilizes RMP
- ejects 3 Na+ out, transport 2 K+ back in.
steps:
1. 3 Na+ bind to pump
2. Phosphate binds to carrier protein (pump) from ATP
3. Pump changes shape and releases 3 sodium ions outside membrane.
4. next, 2 K+ ions bind to pump causes shape change and release of phosphate molecule.
5. 2 K+ ions released inside cell and pump resumes original configuration.
Where are meninges found? *
Around the brain and spinal chord.
Ideal nerve fiber for most rapid action potential? *
large diameter, myelinated.
Explain depolarization?
- Voltage gated sodium channels allow Na+ to travel down concentration gradient.
Explain the channels in repolarization?
- Voltage-gated sodium channels are closed.
- Voltage-gated potassium channels are open.
What happens if you drastically increase the amount of potassium (K+) in extracellular fluid?
Slower repolarization occurs.
Function of neuromodulators?
Chemicals that act over an area and change the permiability of neurons.
- NO and adenosine.
Sensory (afferent) division of PNS
- brings sensory input towards CNS.
- uses somatic sensory nerve fibers for info from skin, joints, and skeletal muscle.
- uses visceral sensory nerve fibers for info from organs.
What do somatic sensory nerve fibers sense info from?
Sensory afferent division uses somatic sensory nerve fibers for info from skin, joints, and skeletal muscle.
What do visceral sensory nerve fibers sense info from?
Sensory afferent division uses visceral sensory nerve fibers for info from organs.
Functions of the motor efferent division of the PNS?
- motor output function
- efferent (exiting) division.
- info sent via motor nerve fibers
- carries plan to effectors (targets that carry out the plan) ie (muscles, glands).
What are the direct subdivisions of the motor efferent division of the PNS?
Somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system.
Function of somatic nervous system (direct subdivision of the motor efferent division of the PNS along with autonomic)?
- VOLUNTARY nervous system (you have conscious control of it).
- uses somatic motor nerves that target skeletal muscle.
What are the effectors of the somatic motor nerves?
skeletal muscle
Function of autonomic nervous system (direct subdivision of the motor efferent division of the PNS along with somatic)?
- INVOLUNTARY nervous system
- carries motor output via visceral motor nerves to effectors (cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, glands).
- broken up into parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system.
What is the voluntary nervous system?
Somatic nervous system
What is the involuntary nervous system?
Autonomic nervous system
What are the effectors of the visceral motor nerves of the autonomic nervous system?
cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, glands
Functions of the sympathetic nervous system?
- being chased by a bear
- fight or flight response
- need to mobilize body systems, get glucose to muscles, to it into ATP and contract.
Functions of the parasympathetic nervous system?
- watching the bachelor
- focus on conserving energy
- increased GI tract motility
- glucose into glycogen
- day to day housekeeping functions during rest
