Chapter 4 Flashcards
CT Proper Loose:
LOOSE:
AREOLAR:
- Matrix: all 3 fibers (collagen, reticular, elastic)
- Cell type: fibroblasts
- Location: Under epithelium, packages organs
- Function: Support
ADIPOSE:
- Matrix: all 3 fibers (collagen, reticular, elastic) but sparse
- Cell type: adipocytes
- Location: abdomen, kidneys
- Function: protection, energy source.
RETICULAR:
- Matrix: reticular fibers
- Cell type: reticular cells
- Location: Bone marrow, lymph nodes.
- Function: supports other cells.
CT Proper Dense:
DENSE: REGULAR CT: - Matrix: Collagen, parallel - Cell type: Fibroblasts - Location: Tendons, ligaments - Function: Resist Tension
IRREGULAR CT:
- Matrix: Collagen, irregular
- Cell type: fibroblasts
- Location: Articular capsule
- Function: protection
ELASTIC CT:
- Matrix: Elastic Fibers
- Cell type: fibroblasts
- Location: Blood vessels, lungs
- Function: Stretch, recoil
Connective tissue:
Cartilage
Cartilage: HYALINE:
- Matrix: Collagen
- Cell type: Chondrocytes
- Location: Costal cartilages, long bones, growth plates.
- Function: Resist mechanical stress
Cartilage: ELASTIC:
- Matrix: Elastic, collagen
- Cell type: Chondrocytes
- Location: Epiglottis, ear.
- Function: Resist mechanical stress
Cartilage: FIBROCARTILAGE:
- Matrix: Collagen
- Cell type: Chondrocytes
- Location: Meniscus, intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis
- Function: Resist mechanical stress
Connective tissue:
Bone
SPONGY (Trabeculae):
- Matrix: Collagen
- Cell type: Osteoblasts, Osteoclasts, Osteocytes
- Location: Skeleton
- Function: Rigid support, protection
COMPACT (cortical):
- Matrix: Collagen
- Cell type: Osteoblasts, Osteoclasts, Osteocytes
- Location: Skeleton
- Function: Rigid support, protection
Connective tissue:
Blood
- Matrix: Blood plasma
- Cell type: White blood cells, red blood cells, platelets
- Location: Blood vessels
- Function: Transport
4 types of tissues?
- Nervous
- Muscle
- Epithelial
- Connective
List several functional characteristics of
epithelial tissue .
- filtration
- protection
- absorption
- secretion
- excretion
List several structural characteristics of
epithelial tissue.
Polarity:
- apical surface (borders open space) is exposed to outside. The basal surface is attched to underlying tissue. Therefore, apical basal polarity.
Specialized contacts:
- epithelial cells fit closely together to form continuous sheets.
Supported by CT:
- All epithelial sheets rest upon and are supported by connective tissue.
- basement membrane in between CT and epithelium. reinforces epithelium.
- basement membrane has a basal lamina (sheet of glycoproteins that is a semi-permiable membrane), and reticular lamina (collagen fibers under basal lamina).
Avascular but innervated
Regeneration
How is epithelium classified?
- Epithelium is classified according to number of cell layers and cell shape. ~ Layers: - simple (a single layer) - stratified (more than one layer) ~ cell shape: - squamous (thin, flat cells) - cuboidal - coulmnar
Define gland.
A gland consists of one or more cells that make and secrete a particular
product. This product, called a secretion, is an aqueous
(water-based) fluid that usually contains proteins. However, some glands release a lipid- or steroid-rich secretion.
Differentiate between exocrine and endocrine glands, and between multicellular and unicellular glands.
Endocrine glands, aka ductless glands, produce hormones.
Exocrine glands secrete their products onto body surfaces
(skin) or into body cavities. The unicellular glands (mucous cells, goblet cells) do so directly (by exocytosis in merocrine secretion), whereas the multicellular glands do so via an epithelium-walled duct that transports the secretion to the epithelial surface. (Holocrine secretion)
Describe how multicellular exocrine glands are classified
structurally and functionally.
Multicellular exocrine glands can be simple (unbranched duct) or compound (branched duct) based on duct structure. Also classified by secretory units: - tubular - alveolar - tubuloalveolar
Epithelium: simple cuboidal
Description:
Single layer of cubelike cells
with large, spherical central nuclei.
Function:
Secretion and absorption.
Location:
Kidney tubules; ducts and secretory
portions of small glands; ovary surface.
Epithelium: simple columnar
Description:
Single layer of tall cells with
round to oval nuclei; many cells bear microvilli,
some bear cilia; layer may contain mucussecreting
unicellular glands (goblet cells).
Function: Absorption; secretion of mucus, enzymes, and other substances; ciliated type propels mucus (or reproductive cells) by ciliary action.
Location:
Nonciliated type lines most of the
digestive tract (stomach to rectum),
gallbladder, and excretory ducts of some
glands; ciliated variety lines small bronchi,
uterine tubes, and some regions of the uterus.
Epithelium: pseudostratified columnar
Description:
Single layer of cells of differing
heights, some not reaching the free surface;
nuclei seen at different levels; may contain
mucus-secreting cells and bear cilia.
Function:
Secrete substances, particularly
mucus; propulsion of mucus by ciliary action.
Location:
Ciliated variety lines the trachea and
most of the upper respiratory tract; nonciliated
type in males’ sperm-carrying ducts and ducts
of large glands.
Epithelium: transitional
Description: Resembles both stratified squamous and stratified cuboidal; basal cells cuboidal or columnar; surface cells dome shaped or squamouslike, depending on degree of organ stretch.
Function:
Stretches readily, permits stored urine to distend urinary organ.
Location:
Lines the ureters, bladder, and part
of the urethra.
Epithelium: stratified squamous
Description:
Thick epithelium composed of
several cell layers; basal cells are cuboidal or
columnar and metabolically active; surface
cells are flattened (squamous); in the
keratinized type, the surface cells are full of
keratin and dead; basal cells are active in
mitosis and produce the cells of the more
superficial layers.
Function:
Protection
Location: Nonkeratinized type forms the moist linings of the esophagus, mouth, and vagina; keratinized variety forms the epidermis of the skin, a dry epithelium.
Cardiac Muscle Tissue
- Cells branch, usually 1 nucleus
- Intercalated discs
- Striations ( “fainter” than in skeletal)
- Involuntary
- heart
Smooth Muscle Tissue
- Small, spindle shaped cells with one central nucleus each
- No striations
- Involuntary
- Walls of hollow organs such as uterus, blood vessels.
Skeletal Muscle
- Long, cylindrical,
- multinucleated cells (fibers)
- Striations
- Voluntary movement
Nervous tissue
- Regulate and control
• Respond to stimuli (via processes called dendrites)
• Transmit electrical impulses over substantial distances
within the body (via processes called axons) - Cell types (neurons and Glia)
Tissue repair
- Inflammation sets the stage
- Organization restores blood supply
- Regeneration and fibrosis effect permanent repair.
Types of neuroglia
Central nervous system: - Ependymal cells - Oligodendrocytes - Microglia - Astrocytes Peripheral Nervous system: - Satellite cells - Schwann cells
Merocrine vs holocrine glands?
Merocrine glands secrete by exocytosis (pancreas, sweat glands, and salivary glands).
Holocrine glands, the entire secretory cell ruptures, releasing secretions (sebaceaous (oil) glands)
