Later Views on Object Relations and Psychotherapy

Question 1

Her view was primarily concerned with the psychological birth of the individual
that takes place during the first 3 years of life, a time when a child gradually surrenders security for autonomy.

Answer 1

Margaret Mahler

Question 2

A developmental stage, an “objectless” stage, a time when an infant naturally searches for the mother’s breast.

Answer 2

normal autism

Question 3

A developmental stage, a newborn infant satisfies various needs
within the all-powerful protective orbit of a mother’s care.

Answer 3

normal autism

Question 4

A developmental stage, according to Mahler, neonates have a sense of omnipotence, because, like unhatched birds, their needs are cared for automatically
and without their having to expend any effort.

Answer 4

normal autism

Question 5

A major developmental stage that spans the period from birth until about age 3 or 4 weeks.

Answer 5

normal autism

Question 6

A major developmental stage begins around the 4th or 5th week of age but reaches its zenith during the 4th or 5th month.

Answer 6

normal symbiosis

Question 7

During this time, “the infant behaves and functions as though he and his mother were an omnipotent system—a dual unity within
one common boundary”

Answer 7

normal symbiosis

Question 8

A developmental stage, by this age the infant can recognize the mother’s face and can perceive her pleasure or distress.

Answer 8

normal symbiosis

Question 9

A developmental stage wherein the infant sends cues to the mother of hunger, pain, pleasure, and so forth, and the mother responds with her own cues, such as feeding, holding, or smiling.

Answer 9

normal symbiosis

Question 10

A major developmental stage that spans the period from about the 4th or 5th month of age until about the 30th to 36th month.

Answer 10

separation–individuation

Question 11

A major developmental stage, during this time, children become psychologically separated from their mothers, achieve a sense of individuation, and begin to develop feelings of personal identity

Answer 11

separation–individuation

Question 12

A major developmental stage, during this time, young children experience the external world as being more dangerous than it as during the first two stages.

Answer 12

separation–individuation

Question 13

One of the separation–individuation substages which lasts from about the 5th month until the
7th to 10th month of age and is marked by a bodily breaking away from the mother–
infant symbiotic orbit.

Answer 13

differentiation

Question 14

Psychologically healthy infants who expand their world beyond the mother will be curious about strangers and will inspect them; unhealthy infants will fear strangers and recoil from them.

Answer 14

differentiation

Question 15

One of the separation–individuation substages,
a period from about the 7th to 10th month of age to about the 15th or 16th month

Answer 15

practicing

Question 16

One of the separation–individuation substages, children easily distinguish their body from their mother’s, establish a specific
bond with their mother, and begin to develop an autonomous ego.

Answer 16

practicing

Question 17

One of the separation–individuation substages, children desire to bring their mother and themselves back together,
both physically and psychologically.

Answer 17

rapprochement

Question 18

Fighting dramatically with their
mother, because of the unsuccessful attempts to regain the dual unity they once had with their mother.

Answer 18

rapprochement crisis

Question 19

One of the separation–individuation substages, during this time, children must develop a constant inner representation of their mother so that they can tolerate being physically separate from her.

Answer 19

libidinal object constancy

Question 20

One of the separation–individuation substages, which approximates the 3rd year of life

Answer 20

libidinal object constancy

Question 21

His view emphasized the process
by which the self evolves from a vague and undifferentiated image to a clear and precise sense of individual identity. He believed that human relatedness, not innate instinctual drives, are at the core
of human personality.

Answer 21

Heinz Kohut

Question 22

the need to exhibit the grandiose self

Answer 22

narcissistic needs

Question 23

Established when the infant relates to a “mirroring” selfobject who reflects approval
of its behavior. The infant thus forms a rudimentary self-image from messages such as
“If others see me as perfect, then I am perfect.”

Answer 23

grandiose-exhibitionistic self

Question 24

It implies that someone else is perfect. Nevertheless, it too satisfies a narcissistic need because the infant adopts the attitude “You are perfect, but I am part of you.”

Answer 24

idealized parent image

Question 25

the need to acquire an idealized image of one or both parents

Answer 25

narcissistic needs

Question 26

According to Bowlby, it is a relationship between two people and not a trait given to the infant by the caregiver.

Answer 26

Attachment style

Question 27

He firmly believed that the attachments formed during childhood have an
important impact on adulthood.

Answer 27

John Bowlby

Question 28

Is established when the infant relates to a “mirroring” selfobject who reflects approval of its behavior. The infant thus forms a rudimentary self-image from messages such as “If others see me as perfect, then I am perfect.”

Answer 28

grandiose-exhibitionistic self

Question 29

It implies that someone else is perfect. Nevertheless, it too satisfies a narcissistic need because the infant adopts the attitude “You are perfect, but I am part of you.”

Answer 29

idealized parent image

Question 30

A stage of this separation anxiety, as separation continues, infants become quiet, sad, passive, listless, and apathetic.

Answer 30

Despair

Question 31

A stage of this separation anxiety, when their caregiver is first out of sight, infants will cry, resist soothing by other people, and
search for their caregiver

Answer 31

protest stage

Question 32

A stage of this separation anxiety, during this stage, infants become emotionally detached from other people, including their caregiver. If their caregiver (mother) returns, infants
will disregard and avoid her.

Answer 32

Detachment

Question 33

She developed a technique for measuring the type of attachment style that exists between a
caregiver and an infant, known as the Strange Situation.

Answer 33

Mary Ainsworth

Question 34

This procedure consists of a 20 minute laboratory session in which a primary caregiver (usually a mother) and an infant are initially alone in a playroom

Answer 34

Strange Situation.

Question 35

One of the four attachment style ratings, when their mother returns, these infants are happy and initiate contact. These infants will go over to their mother and want to be held.

Answer 35

secure

Question 36

One of the four attachment style ratings, according to Ainsworth, when their mother leaves the room, they become unusually upset, and when their mother returns, they seek contact with her
but reject attempts at being soothed.

Answer 36

anxious–ambivalent

Question 37

One of the four attachment style ratings, with this style, infants stay calm when their mother leaves; they accept the stranger, and when their mother returns, they ignore and avoid her. I

Answer 37

avoidant

Question 38

One of the four attachment style ratings, these babies show no clear or consistent pattern of behaviors during the course of the Strange Situation, either when their caregiver leaves or when she returns.

Answer 38

disorganized

Question 39

This aim is to reduce depressive anxieties and persecutory fears and to mitigate the harshness of internalized objects

Answer 39

Kleinian Therapy