Later Views on Object Relations and Psychotherapy Flashcards
Her view was primarily concerned with the psychological birth of the individual
that takes place during the first 3 years of life, a time when a child gradually surrenders security for autonomy.
Margaret Mahler
A developmental stage, an “objectless” stage, a time when an infant naturally searches for the mother’s breast.
normal autism
A developmental stage, a newborn infant satisfies various needs
within the all-powerful protective orbit of a mother’s care.
normal autism
A developmental stage, according to Mahler, neonates have a sense of omnipotence, because, like unhatched birds, their needs are cared for automatically
and without their having to expend any effort.
normal autism
A major developmental stage that spans the period from birth until about age 3 or 4 weeks.
normal autism
A major developmental stage begins around the 4th or 5th week of age but reaches its zenith during the 4th or 5th month.
normal symbiosis
During this time, “the infant behaves and functions as though he and his mother were an omnipotent system—a dual unity within
one common boundary”
normal symbiosis
A developmental stage, by this age the infant can recognize the mother’s face and can perceive her pleasure or distress.
normal symbiosis
A developmental stage wherein the infant sends cues to the mother of hunger, pain, pleasure, and so forth, and the mother responds with her own cues, such as feeding, holding, or smiling.
normal symbiosis
A major developmental stage that spans the period from about the 4th or 5th month of age until about the 30th to 36th month.
separation–individuation
A major developmental stage, during this time, children become psychologically separated from their mothers, achieve a sense of individuation, and begin to develop feelings of personal identity
separation–individuation
A major developmental stage, during this time, young children experience the external world as being more dangerous than it as during the first two stages.
separation–individuation
One of the separation–individuation substages which lasts from about the 5th month until the
7th to 10th month of age and is marked by a bodily breaking away from the mother–
infant symbiotic orbit.
differentiation
Psychologically healthy infants who expand their world beyond the mother will be curious about strangers and will inspect them; unhealthy infants will fear strangers and recoil from them.
differentiation
One of the separation–individuation substages,
a period from about the 7th to 10th month of age to about the 15th or 16th month
practicing
One of the separation–individuation substages, children easily distinguish their body from their mother’s, establish a specific
bond with their mother, and begin to develop an autonomous ego.
practicing
One of the separation–individuation substages, children desire to bring their mother and themselves back together,
both physically and psychologically.
rapprochement
Fighting dramatically with their
mother, because of the unsuccessful attempts to regain the dual unity they once had with their mother.
rapprochement crisis
One of the separation–individuation substages, during this time, children must develop a constant inner representation of their mother so that they can tolerate being physically separate from her.
libidinal object constancy
One of the separation–individuation substages, which approximates the 3rd year of life
libidinal object constancy
His view emphasized the process
by which the self evolves from a vague and undifferentiated image to a clear and precise sense of individual identity. He believed that human relatedness, not innate instinctual drives, are at the core
of human personality.
Heinz Kohut
the need to exhibit the grandiose self
narcissistic needs
Established when the infant relates to a “mirroring” selfobject who reflects approval
of its behavior. The infant thus forms a rudimentary self-image from messages such as
“If others see me as perfect, then I am perfect.”
grandiose-exhibitionistic self
It implies that someone else is perfect. Nevertheless, it too satisfies a narcissistic need because the infant adopts the attitude “You are perfect, but I am part of you.”
idealized parent image
the need to acquire an idealized image of one or both parents
narcissistic needs
According to Bowlby, it is a relationship between two people and not a trait given to the infant by the caregiver.
Attachment style
He firmly believed that the attachments formed during childhood have an
important impact on adulthood.
John Bowlby
Is established when the infant relates to a “mirroring” selfobject who reflects approval of its behavior. The infant thus forms a rudimentary self-image from messages such as “If others see me as perfect, then I am perfect.”
grandiose-exhibitionistic self
It implies that someone else is perfect. Nevertheless, it too satisfies a narcissistic need because the infant adopts the attitude “You are perfect, but I am part of you.”
idealized parent image
A stage of this separation anxiety, as separation continues, infants become quiet, sad, passive, listless, and apathetic.
Despair
A stage of this separation anxiety, when their caregiver is first out of sight, infants will cry, resist soothing by other people, and
search for their caregiver
protest stage
A stage of this separation anxiety, during this stage, infants become emotionally detached from other people, including their caregiver. If their caregiver (mother) returns, infants
will disregard and avoid her.
Detachment
She developed a technique for measuring the type of attachment style that exists between a
caregiver and an infant, known as the Strange Situation.
Mary Ainsworth
This procedure consists of a 20 minute laboratory session in which a primary caregiver (usually a mother) and an infant are initially alone in a playroom
Strange Situation.
One of the four attachment style ratings, when their mother returns, these infants are happy and initiate contact. These infants will go over to their mother and want to be held.
secure
One of the four attachment style ratings, according to Ainsworth, when their mother leaves the room, they become unusually upset, and when their mother returns, they seek contact with her
but reject attempts at being soothed.
anxious–ambivalent
One of the four attachment style ratings, with this style, infants stay calm when their mother leaves; they accept the stranger, and when their mother returns, they ignore and avoid her. I
avoidant
One of the four attachment style ratings, these babies show no clear or consistent pattern of behaviors during the course of the Strange Situation, either when their caregiver leaves or when she returns.
disorganized
This aim is to reduce depressive anxieties and persecutory fears and to mitigate the harshness of internalized objects
Kleinian Therapy
