Later development in speech perception and production (7) Flashcards
1
Q
Do children have adult like speech perception
A
- children can perceive sound accurately, but not have adult like perception
1. lack of consistency in naming ambiguous tokens
2. greater difficulty when speaker variation is introduced e.g. accent or multiple speakers
3. problems in perceiving speech in adverse listening conditions
2
Q
Why are categorisation of phoneme contrasts important?
A
- controlled way of assessing how listeners deal with within speaker variation in daily life
- cannot use natural speech - too variable - use synthesised speech to make more controlled and have consistent parameters
- use of speech continuum
- measure /p/ and /b/
- gradient is a quantitative measure - a steeper gradient between two sounds means that you quickly switch from one to another
3
Q
Burnham et al (1987)
A
- the ability to categorise ambiguous phonetic tokens increases over the first 10-14 years of life
- slope of identification increases gradually with age
4
Q
Pursell et al (2002)
A
- vowel categorisation in 6 years, 10yrs and adults - more able to categorise with age, although similar patterns
5
Q
Hazan and Barrett (2000)
A
- 4 phonemic contracts (k/g, d/g, s/z/, s/SH)
- ability to categorise continues into adolescence
- implications - how children cope with within/across speaker variation and degraded stimuli
- children require greater acoustic cue redundancy: implications for ability to perceive speech when signal is degraded - masked by noise
- therefore children need more detail (84NH children, 13 NH adults
- 12 years - still not adult like perception
6
Q
Davis et al (2014)
A
- 1537 pps (4-70)
- looked at ability to distinguish minimal pairs e.g. pear vs. bear
- used PADRI (proportion of acoustic differences required for identification)
- for non-words more acoustic differences was need than real words
- perceptual development continues into adulthood/adolescence
- effectos fo age and language on perceptual activity
- more pronounced
- therefore additional lexical experience contributes to effects of age and language on speech perception
7
Q
Markham and Hazan (2014)
A
- perception of words in noise produced by 45 speakers
- acoustic phonetic correlates of talker intelligibility for adults and children
Experiment 1:
- word intelligibility measured for 45 talkers
- 124 freq. words with low level background noise
- 7-8 made more errors than 12+
- BUT relative intelligence was consistent
Experiment 2:
- listener ratings of voice dimension
- intelligibility was sig. correlated with articulation, voice dynamics and general equality
- women were more intelligible for all groups
- not the case that children found other children’s voices easier to perceive
- remarkable consistencies - speech intelligibility in adults and children is determined u similar talker-related factors
8
Q
Elliot (1979)
A
- evidence of greater perception difficulty in noise during childhood
- children are more effected by noise and reverberation than adults
- SPIN (speech perception in noise)
- 11-13
9
Q
Neuman et al (2010)
A
- 63 children aged 6 and 12 to adults
- calculation of SNR corresponding to 50% performance level for sentence intelligibility
- under reverberant conditions, younger children had higher SNR
- younger children are disadvantaged in the classroom setting
10
Q
Klattle et al (2010)
A
- implication for school classroom
- put acoustic panels in classrooms to decrease reverberation
- had an effect on infant perception
- also teachers didn’t have to talk so loud
11
Q
Speech production from childhood to adulthood
A
- look at speech motor directly
- greater production variability in children
- changes with age correspond to physical growth
- speed of articulatory movements
12
Q
Walsh and Smith (2002)
A
- start by looking at speech rate and motor aspects, consistency in speed and articulation - consistency of repetitions
- speech motor control follows a developmental time course and is influences by somatic growth
- integrate muscle movements
13
Q
Sadagopan and Smith (2008)
A
- development of speech rate and motor viability in late childhood
- 201 pps, 5-22, lower lip movement recorded during production of ‘Bobby buy a puppy’
- children had higher variability
- aged 9 - children used more adult like pre-speech processes to plan the timing of sentences and maturation of planning processes, results provide further evidence for language - motor interactions
14
Q
Nip and Greers (2013)
A
- looked at developmental changes in speaking rate and articulatory kinematics of ops aged 4, 7, 10, 13, 16 and young adults
- speaking rat increased with age, and decreased in pauses and articulator displacements, but no increase in articulator movement speed
- movement speed did not constrain speaking
+ linguistic speaking and speech motor control - narratives vs. syllable repetition = more differential in younger
- BUT these studies do not look at speech with communicative intent or natural speech
15
Q
Baker and Hazan (2011)
A
- development of clear speech strategies in 9-14 yr olds
- diapix task
- 9;7 = high levels of egocentrisism
Conditions:
- no barrier
- VOC
- BAB
- VOC and BAB
14 = more extensive strategy
with VOC and BAB = more extreme changes in F0 median and range and speaking rate
- in VOC = extreme changes in F0 were unlikely to aid, so talkers did not change, therefore speech is listener focused and talkers modulate speech accordingly
