Late Rom./Early Vic./Trans (1837-1869)

Question 1

Middle Victorian, late Romantic period

Answer 1

1837 - 1869

Britain: 1st 32 years of Victoria’s Reign
Robert Browning; Bronte’s; Dickens; Gaskell; Macaulay; Thackery; Trollope

America: Transcendentalism
Whitman; Emmerson; Thoreau; Melville; Dana; Hawthorne; Dickenson

Question 2

Robert Browning

Answer 2

Victorian (late-Rom)

Brother of Elizabeth Browning, who was more famous at the time. He and Tennyson are currently known as the two great Victorian poets.

Question 3

“Porphyria’s Lover”

Answer 3

Robert Browning
Victorian (late-Rom)

narrator apparently strangles lover with her own hair. Nothing happens as a result—not even God complains.

Question 4

“Soliloquy of the Spanish Cloister”

Answer 4

Robert Browning
Victorian (late-Rom)

Guy in cloister complains about—and hates—Brother Laurence. Says Bro Laurence won’t be saved, but as he says it, he evidences that he himself won’t be saved. Line in italics are Bro. Laurence’s.

Question 5

“My Last Duchess”

Answer 5

Robert Browning
Victorian (late-Rom)

based on Alfonzo, Duke of Ferrarra. “All smiles stop.”

Question 6

“The Bishop Orders His Tomb at St. Praxed’s Church”

Answer 6

Robert Browning
Victorian (late-Rom)

Long commentary on hypocrisy of the Rennaisance. “Vanity, saith the preacher, vanity.” Gandolff is speaker’s dead rival. Speaker wants tombstone of lapis (blue stone). Speaker gloats over having sired a child.

Question 7

“Childe Roland to the Dark Tower Came”

Answer 7

Robert Browning

Victorian (late-Rom)

Question 8

“Fra Lippo Lippi”

Answer 8

Robert Browning

Victorian (late-Rom)

Question 9

“Caliban Upon Setebos”

Answer 9

Robert Browning
Victorian (late-Rom)

Allusion to Shakespeare’s The Tempest

Question 10

“Love Among Ruins”

Answer 10

Robert Browning
Victorian (late-Rom)

Deals with past and present in each stanza

Question 11

“Last Ride Together”

Answer 11

Robert Browning

Victorian (late-Rom)

Question 12

The Bronte Sisters

Answer 12

Victorian (late-Rom)

Emily, Charlotte, and Ann Bronte all grew up together playing games and creating imaginary worlds in their home. These imaginary worlds later helped them write their novels. They adopted pseudonyms, each going by her first name but replacing Bronte with “Bell.”

Question 13

Wuthering Heights

Answer 13

Emily Bronte
Victorian (late-Rom)

Tells the story of Heathcliff and Katherine Earnshaw. Heathcliff is an orphan that comes to live in Katherine’s home, and the two grow up along side eathother. Katherine struggles, because she love Heathcliff but doesn’t want to be excluded from her socioeconomic class. Narrators: Lockwood and Nancy Dean.

Question 14

Jane Eyre

Answer 14

Charlotte Bronte
Victorian (late-Rom)

Story of an ugly girl (Charlotte made her ugly by design) named Jane Eyre. Jane grows up in a strict religious school, eventually gets a job as a governess, but falls in love with her boss, Mr. Edward Rochester. On the day the two are to be married, it comes out that Rochester is still married to an insane woman from Jamaica. Jane goes away and comes back after insane woman dies.

Question 15

Charles Dickens

Answer 15

Victorian (late-Rom)

Dickens often gives his characters names that describe their qualities—Gradgrind and Mister Chokumchild.

Question 16

The Old Curiosity Shop

Answer 16

Charles Dickens
Victorian (late-Rom)

Starring the famous “Little Nell.” Nell is on her way home to the dusty shop where she and her grandfather live a rather mysterious life. The old man disappears every night–visiting gambling dens with the naive hope of winning a fortune. Instead he sinks deeper and deeper into debt. Enter Daniel Quilp, moneylender, who becomes furious upon learning that the grandfather is a pauper and will never be able to repay his tremendous debt. Quilp seizes the curiosity shop and begins making lecherous overtures to Nell, so she and her grandfather steal away one morning to seek their fortunes elsewhere. But the demonic dwarf is never far behind.

Question 17

A Tale of Two Cities

Answer 17

Charles Dickens
Victorian (late-Rom)

was set in the years of the French Revolution. The plot circles around the look-alikes Charles Darnay, a nephews of a marquis, and Sydney Carton, a lawyer, who both love the same woman, Lucy.

Question 18

Great Expectations

Answer 18

Charles Dickens
Victorian (late-Rom)

Story of Pip, protagonist and narrator. A young boy, Pip saves the life of an escaped convict. As he grows up, he gets a job entertaining Miss Havisham, a crotchety rich woman living secluded in a big house. There, he meets Estella and falls in love with her. He can’t marry her because he’s not a gentleman. Then he miraculously comes into some money, but Estella still won’t marry him. (The convict he saved as a child has come into some good fortune.) Eventually Pip loses fortune and finds Estella in Havisham’s old burnt-out house. They walk off happily together.

Question 19

David Copperfield

Answer 19

Charles Dickens
Victorian (late-Rom)

David’s widowed mother marries the tyrannical Mr. Murdstone. David becomes friends with Mr. Micawber and his family. “I went in, and found there a stoutish, middle-aged person, in a brown surtout and black tights and shoes, with no more hair upon his head (which was a large one, and very shining) than there is upon an egg, and with a very extensive face, which he turned full upon me. His clothes were shabby, but he had an imposing short-collar on.” Dora, David’s first wife, dies and he marries Agnes. He pursues his career as a journalist and later as a novelist.

Question 20

Oliver Twist

Answer 20

Charles Dickens
Victorian (late-Rom)

which depicts the London underworld and hard years of the foundling Oliver Twist, whose right to his inheritance is kept secret by the villainous Mr. Monks. Oliver suffers in a poorfarm and workhouse. He outrages authorities by asking a second bowl of porridge. From a solitary confinement he is apprenticed to a casket maker, and becomes a member of a gang of young thieves, led by Mr. Fagin. Finally Fagin is hanged at Newgate and Mr. Barnlow adopts Oliver.

Question 21

Sketches by Boz

Answer 21

Charles Dickens
Victorian (late-Rom)

Sketches by Boz collected a rich and strange mixture of reportage, observation, fancy and fiction centred on the metropolis. It was Dickens’s first book, published when he was twenty-four, and in it we find him walking the London streets, in theatres, pawnshops, lawcourts, prisons, along the Thames and on the omnibus, missing nothing, recording and transforming urban and suburban life into new terrain for literature.

Question 22

A Christmas Carol

Answer 22

Charles Dickens
Victorian (late-Rom)

Story of Ebeneezer Scrooge, employer of Bob Cratchit, coming around to loving Christmas and people—meets three ghosts, and in the end takes a big turkey over to Cratchit’s house, her Tiny Tim Cratchit exclaims some endearing things.

Question 23

Bleakhouse

Answer 23

Charles Dickens
Victorian (late-Rom)

centers on the generations-long lawsuit Jarndyce and Jarndyce, through which “whole families have inherited legendary hatreds.” Focusing on Esther Summerson, a ward of John Jarndyce, the novel traces Esther’s romantic coming-of-age and, in classic Dickensian style, the gradual revelation of long-buried secrets, all set against the foggy backdrop of the Court of Chancery.

Question 24

Hard Times

Answer 24

Charles Dickens
Victorian (late-Rom)

Louisa, daughter of Thomas Gradgrind, is married to Gradgrind’s friend, Josiah Bounderby, who claims to be a self-made rich man but really his poor mother scrimped and saved to get him where he was. Stephen Blackpool works as Bounderby’s factory, but he thinks everything is in a big “muddle.” Sissy Jupe is a sentimental character in this novel.

Question 25

The Life and Adventures of Martin Chuzzlewit

Answer 25

Charles Dickens
Victorian (late-Rom)

It is the story of Martin, the grandson of old Martin Chuzzlewit who is rich but has become misanthropic due to the greed of his kin. He is looked after by Mary Graham, an orphan, who he has brought up for that purpose and who he sees as his daughter. Young Martin is initially selfish but through hard labour and the positive and cheerful influence of his servant Tapley becomes decent. Martin falls for Mary but his father is suspicious of his self-concerned nature and gets him dismissed from his position to be the student of the hypocritical architect Mr Pecksniff. The novel is broken up into segments by young Martin뭩 voyage to seek his fortune in America where he is employed by a fraudulent company and falls ill (this part of the novel being criticised in the US for its inaccurate and stereotypical portraits of American life). His return to England signals a less comical appraisal of the unpleasant figures such as the murderous Jonas Chuzzlewit and Tigg Montague who are now portrayed as simply evil. His grandfather who brings him back into favour realises Martin뭩 reinvention as a good individual and resolution ensues.

Question 26

Elizabeth Gaskell

Answer 26

Victorian (late-Rom)

After writing her first novel, she became acclaimed and developed a friendship with Charlotte Bronte (writer of Jane Eyre) and Charles Dickens asked her to write some pieces for his periodical. She deals a lot with factories and workers’ rights. Wrote a biography of Charlotte Bronte, and ETS will expect you to know that she did this.

Mary Barton
North and South
Ruth

Question 27

Mary Barton

Answer 27

Elizabeth Gaskell
Victorian (late-Rom)

first novel. Mary and John Barton. An industrial Chartist novel. Mary Barton is young, kind, and beautiful - perhaps dangerously so. John Barton, her hearty and intelligent but grievously uneducated father who “could never abide the gentlefolk,” pours fierce love and courage into his family and work. When Mary’s beautiful Aunt Esther disappears, her beauty is blamed: “Not but what beauty is a sad snare. Here was Esther so puffed up, that there was no holding her in.” Mary’s love - for her father, her friends, her charming rich suitor (the son of a factory owner), and his rival, her faithful childhood friend Jem who “loves her above life itself” - provides rich texture and suspense in this finely spun tale: will Mary’s pride be her ruin? Will Jem pay with his life for his love of Mary? Interspersed with sparse but regular authorial observation, scenes from family life, work, and love in a nineteenth-century industrial village come alive.

Question 28

North and South

Answer 28

Elizabeth Gaskell
Victorian (late-Rom)

story of a British industrial love affair between Margaret and Thornton. Transplanted from the “civilized” south of England, Margaret Hale enters a grim new world in industrial Milton-Northern. Appalled by the smoke and noise of the mills, and shocked by the workers’ independence, Margaret still finds no common ground with the blunt Northern manufacturers. It takes a friendship with Bessy Higgins, daughter of a union leader, to rouse Margaret’s compassion and encourage her crusade for understanding between management and their workers.

Question 29

Ruth

Answer 29

Elizabeth Gaskell
Victorian (late-Rom)

Activist novel. Ruth is an unmarried mother.

Question 30

Thomas Macaulay

Answer 30

Victorian (late-Rom)

English Whig lawyer, politician, essayist, poet and popular historian. In his early years after leaving Cambridge, Macaulay was active in the Anti-Slavery and Parliamentary Reform movements (although he was no fan of universal suffrage).
Macaulay’s early popular writings in the Edinburgh Review ensured him a career as an intellectual pundit. In one of the most famous episodes, in 1829, Macaulay he tore apart James Mill’s (father of John Stewart Mill) argument for democracy on utilitarian grounds. He also disputed Mill’s notion that men always act in their “self-interest” – that is either a truism, Macaulay argued, or an empirical falsehood. He crossed swords in economics again with his 1830 critique of Michael Sadler’s population theory. Macaulay’s 1830 critique of Southey’s woolly socialism and imperialism, stands as a classic of laissez-faire Whiggism.
Upon entering Parliament as a liberal Whig in 1830, Macaulay was instrumental in getting the 1832 Reform Bill passed. In the subsequent election, he unseated Sadler. In 1834, he took a job at the Supreme Council of India and became heavily involved in the redrafting the Indian penal code and the promotion of education (in Indian affairs, he was much influenced by the now-reconciled Mill).
In 1839, Macauley returned to Parliament as an MP for Edinburgh, served for brief periods in cabinet posts and then retired in 1856. He was granted a peerage in 1857. During his time, Macaulay wrote his most famous work – the five-volume (but still lightweight) History of England. This is the work that gave rise to the term “Whig history”, the presentation of historical events as a “progress” from the imperfect past towards the perfect present. Macaulay’s history, while vividly written, is barely anything more than a self-congratulatory exercise.

Question 31

William Thackery

Answer 31

Victorian (late-Rom)
English journalist, novelist, famous for his novel VANITY FAIR (1847-48), a tale of two middle-class London families. Most of Thackeray's major novels were published as monthly serials. Thackeray studied in a satirical and moralistic light upper- and middle-class English life - he was once seen as the equal of his contemporary Dickens, or even as his superior.

Vanity Fair
History of Pendennis

Question 32

Vanity Fair

Answer 32

William Thackery
Victorian (late-Rom)

sub-titled ‘A Novel without a Hero’. “Everybody in Vanity Fair must have remarked how well those live who are comfortably and thoroughly in debt; how they deny themselves nothing; how jolly and easy they are in their minds.” The vast satirical panorama of a materialistic society centers on Becky Sharp and Amelia Sedley, good-natured but ‘silly’. They are two boarding-school friends, whose destinies are contrasted. Clever and ambitious Becky is born into poverty as the daughter of a penniless artist. Her plans to marry Amelia’s brother Joseph fail. She marries Rowdon Crawley, but he is disinherited. Becky manages to live at the height of fashion through the patronage of Lord Steyne. When her husband discovers the truth, he departs to become the governor of Coventry Island. Becky is ostracized and she moves to the Continent. In the meantime Amelia’s stockbroker father is ruined. Amelia is loved by William Dobbin but she marries George Osborne - he dies in the battle of Waterloo. Amelia’s son is left into the care of his grandfather, who dies and leaves him a fortune. Amelia travels in the Continent with his brother and they meet Becky. Dobbin has returned from India and disapproves Amelia’s kindness to Becky. Older and disillusioned, Dobbin and Amelia can marry. Becky regains her hold over Joseph, who dies in suspicious circumstances. Becky’s husband Rowdon dies, and Becky ends the novel in the guise of a pious widow.

Question 33

The History of Pendennis

Answer 33

William Thackery
Victorian (late-Rom)

One of the earliest and greatest of the Victorian Bildungsroman, this introspective novel treats London’s bohemian and literary underworld and the romantic entanglements of its hero, Arthur Pendennis, with comic and uninhibited style. Son of a selfless widow, Pendennis moves from one disastrous romantic involvement to another on the fringes of the corrupt upper classes. Thackeray had slaved for ten years in this literary bohemia; the introduction considers the parallels between Thackeray’s life and the novel, and examines the changes taking place in Victorian England throughout the years of the story.

Question 34

Anthony Trollope

Answer 34

Victorian (late-Rom)

Popular British author, who described realistically Victorian world. Trollope’s best known stories were set in the imaginary English county of Barsetshire. In his autobiography (1883) Trollope wrote, that the novelist’s task is “to make his readers so intimately acquainted with his characters that the creation of his brain should be to them speaking, moving, living, human creatures.”

Question 35

The Warden

Answer 35

Anthony Trollope
Victorian (late-Rom)

which was set in the imaginary English county Barsetshire, Trollope established his reputation as a writer. It told about a clergyman whose gentle life is upset when he is accused of misusing money meant for the old people’s home he looks after.

Question 36

Walt Whitman

Answer 36

Am. mid 1800’s (British Vict.)

Self-published Leaves of Grass. Poetry uses long, sprawling lines. Deals with man and woman equal and unfettered democracy. Catalogues are typical. Grew up in Brooklyn, did a lot of newspaper work. Whet crazy and homosexual in Baton Rouge after seeing the slave markets there. Worked as a nurse during the Civil War in Washington DC and loved Abraham Lincoln.

Question 37

Leaves of Grass

Answer 37

Walt Whitman
Am. mid 1800’s

First edition published in 1855. 12 poems. Sent to Emerson and he praised it. Whitman published Emerson’s praise in second edition.

• “When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloomed”—poem memorializing Lincoln.
• “O Captain, my Captain”—poem memorializing Lincoln.
• “Out of the Cradle Endlessly Rocking”
• “A Noiseless Patient Spider”
• “When I Heard the Learned Astronomer”

Question 38

Ralph Waldo Emerson

Answer 38

American mid-1800’s (British Vict.)

Graduated from Harvard and began as a Unitarian minister, but left the church over disputes of doctrine after the tuberculosis death of his wife. He ran with the likes of Margaret Fuller, Nathaniel Hawthorne, and Henry David Thoureau, and Herman Melville. Believe in the Oversoul. Highly influenced by friendships with Samuel Taylor Coleridge and Thomas Carlyle. His call for a national poet inspired Walt Whitman. Locally known as “The Sage of Concord.” “Trust thyself,” Emerson’s motto, became a big deal to a lot of his friends. Emerson edited the Transcendentalist journal The Dial.

Question 39

Nature

Answer 39

Am. mid-1800’s (Brit. Vict.)

Emerson’s first book. is perhaps the best expression of his Transcendentalism, the belief that everything in our world—even a drop of dew—is a microcosm of the universe. His concept of the Over-Soul—a Supreme Mind that every man and woman share—allowed Transcendentalists to disregard external authority and to rely instead on direct experience. Key quotes? “Why should we not have a poetry and philosophy of insight and not of tradition, and a religion by revelation to us, and not the history of theirs?”

Question 40

“Self-Reliance”

Answer 40

Ralph Waldo Emerson
Am. mid-1800’s (Brit. Vict.)

in which the writer instructs his listener to examine his relationship with Nature and God, and to trust his own judgment above all others. Key quotes? “Travelling is a fool’s paradise. Our first journeys discover to us the indifference of places…My giant goes with me wherever I go.”

Question 41

The Divinity School Address

Answer 41

Ralph Waldo Emerson
Am. mid-1800’s (Brit Vict.)

which he delivered before the graduates of the Harvard Divinity School, shocking Boston’s conservative clergymen with his descriptions of the divinity of man and the humanity of Jesus. Key quotes?

Question 42

Henry David Thoreau

Answer 42

American mid-1800’s
(British Victorian)

Attended Harvard and lived in Concord. Inspired by Emerson’s Nature. He is frequently viewed as a hermit, for having lived at Walden Pond, and he is frequently viewed as a prophet of passive resistence, a la Martin Luther King and Mahatma Gandhi. Actually deals a good deal with Bagga Vita and Indian myth.

Question 43

Walden

Answer 43

Henry David Thoreau
Am. mid-1800’s (Br. Vic)

Thoreau settled on Emerson’s land and read and wrote his book about Walden Pond two years and two months. Yeats wrote a poem inspired by this book—“The Lake Isle of Innisfree.” Quotes: “As long as possible live free and uncommitted.” “I went to the woods because I wished to live deliberately.”

Question 44

“Resistance to Civil Government, or Civil Disobedience”

Answer 44

Henry David Thoreau
Am. mid-1800’s (Br. Vic.)

Written in response to his being jailed for not paying the highway tax, which went to cover the Mexican War. He comes out against the war and slavery and talks about passive resistence. “I cannot for an instant recognize that political organization as my government which is the slave’s government also.” “All voting is a sort of gaming, like checkers or backgammon.” “Unjust laws exist: shall we be content to obey them, or shall we endeavor to amend them, and obey them until we have succeeded, or shall we transgress them at once?”

Question 45

Herman Melville

Answer 45

American mid-1800’s (Br. Vic.)

Transcendentalist
Moby Dick; Billy Bud; “Bartelby”; “Benito Cereno”;

Question 46

Moby Dick

Answer 46

Herman Melville
Am. mid-1800’s (Br. Vic.)

Narrator, Ishmael, tells the story of how he and Queequeg embark on the ship Pequod. On the ship, they meet captain Ahab, who has a mania about killing the great white whale Moby Dick. The captain’s first mate, Starbuck, criticizes Ahab. Father Mapple is an old clergyman who says a poem about Moby Dick.

Question 47

Billy Bud

Answer 47

Herman Melville
Am. mid-1800’s (Br. Vic.)

tells the story of an orphan guileless sailor named Billy Bud, or what Melville calls the “Handsome Sailor.” He is favored by the captain of Rights-of-Man until other sailors make him look bad. Latter, he is forced to work on the ship Bellipotent, where he eventually killed by the crew as a type of Christ-figure. Billy Budd, ‘the Handsome Sailor’, is favorite of the crew of HMS Bellipotent. He becomes the target of John Claggart, the satanic master-at-arms. Claggart accuses falsely Billy of being involved in a supposed mutiny. The innocent Billy, who is unable to answer the charge because of a chronic stammer, accidentally kills Claggart. Captain Vere sees through Claggart’s plot, fears reaction among the crew, if Billy is not punished. He calls a court and in effect instructs it to find Billy guilty of capital crime. The court condemns Billy, who goes willingly to his fate and is hanged from the yardarm after crying out ‘God bless Captain Vere’. Later Vere is killed during an engagement with the French, murmuring as his last words Billy’s name.

Question 48

“Bartleby the Scrivener”

Answer 48

Herman Melville
Am. mid-1800’s (Br. Vic.)

Story told by a lawyer of a scrivener named Bartelby, whose mantra is “I would prefer not to.” Bartelby lives solely on gingernut bread.

Question 49

“Benito Cereno”

Answer 49

Herman Melville
Am. mid-1800’s (Br. Vic.)

about a mutiny on board of a ship. This ship is navigating astray, off the coast of Chile (which is NOT in Central America, as other reviewers have embarrasingly said), when Captain Delano, an American sailor, observes it. He gets near the suspicious ship, gets on board of it, and finds an extremely tense and enigmatic situation. Wonderfully, Melville chose to describe the situation only through the senses of Captain Delano. As the narrator is not omniscient, we only know what Delano knows, so we understand his confusion and amazement at the strange facts he observes.

Question 50

Richard Henry Dana

Answer 50

American mid-1800’s
(Brit. Vic.)

Went to Harvard for two years, took a break to sail around Cape Horn to California. Went back to Harvard and graduated as a lawyer.

Question 51

Two Years Before the Mast

Answer 51

Richard Henry Dana
Am. mid-1800’s (Br. Vic.)

This novel was designed to help common sailors receive justice. The hardships of life at sea transform the sheltered son of a ship owner into a hardened, valiant mutineer, as he is compelled to lead an uprising against the brutal captain after scurvy breaks out. Rides on the Pilgrim.

Question 52

“The Buccaneer”

Answer 52

Richard Henry Dana
Am. mid-1800’s (Br. Vic.)

most famous poem. It is based on a tradition of a murder committed on an island on the cost of New England, by a pirate, whose guilt in the end meets with strange and terrible retribution.

Question 53

Nathaniel Hawthorne

Answer 53

Am. mid-1800’s
(Brit. Vic.)

Treated themes of guilt and sin and Puritanism. Participated in the Onida Group’s utopian project at Brookfarms.

Question 54

“The Minister’s Black Veil”

Answer 54

Nathaniel Hawthorne
Am. mid-1800’s (Br. Vic.)

Short story

Question 55

“Rappaccini’s Daughter”

Answer 55

Nathaniel Hawthorne
Am. mid-1800’s (Br. Vic.)

Set in Padua “very long ago,” this is the story of a “mad scientist” working in isolation on a completely unethical (at least by modern research standards) experiment involving poisonous plants. A young student of medicine observes from his quarters the scientist’s beautiful daughter who is confined to the lush and locked gardens in which the experiment is taking place. Having fallen in love with the lovely Beatrice, Giovanni ignores the warning of his mentor, Professor Baglioni, that Rappaccini is up to no good and he and his work should be shunned. Eventually, Giovanni sneaks into the forbidden garden to meet his lover, and begins to suffer the consequences of encounter with the plants–and with Beatrice, who dwells among them and has been rendered both immune to their effects and poisonous to others.

Question 56

The Blithedale Romance

Answer 56

Nathaniel Hawthorne
Am. mid-1800’s (Br. Vic.)

Blithedale was a fictionalized Brookfarms. Miles Coverdale is narrator, looking on as Hollingsworth woos both Pricilla and Zenobia. Chooses Pricilla and Zenobia kills self.

Question 57

The Scarlet Letter

Answer 57

Nathaniel Hawthorne
Am. mid-1800’s (Br. Vic.)

Hester Pryne and Rev. Arthur Dimsdale are lovers, have baby Pearl. Roger Chillingsworth, Hester’s husband comes to America.

Question 58

The House of Seven Gables

Answer 58

Nathaniel Hawthorne
Am. mid-1800’s (Br. Vic.)

Sins of fathers visited on heads of children. Look for last name of Pyncheon, especially Hepzibah.

Question 59

Emily Dickenson

Answer 59

Am. mid-1800’s (Br. Vic.)

A real hermit. Lived in Amherst, Massechusetts all her life and wrote thousands of poems. Most published posthumously. Uses a lot of dashes and deals with death a lot.