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Lifespan > Late Adulthood > Flashcards

Late Adulthood Flashcards

1
Q

Ageism

A

Prejudice in which people are categorized and judged solely on the basis of their chronological age (Elderly view ageism as a self-fulfilling prophecy)

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2
Q

Sleep

A

Day-night circadian rhythm diminishes with age, older people wake before dawn and are asleep during the day

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3
Q

Exercise

A

Only 35% of people over age 65 meet recommended guidelines for exercise

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4
Q

Elderspeak

A

Condescending way of speaking to other adults that resemble baby talk

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5
Q

Destructive protection

A

Elders discouraged from leaving home

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6
Q

happiness in older people is equivalent to what age group

A

As common as in younger adults

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7
Q

Gerontology

A

Multidisciplinary study of old age

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8
Q

Geriatrics

A

Medical specialty devoted to aging

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9
Q

Demographic shifts

A

More older people in the world than there used to be

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10
Q

Reasons for the pyramidal age graph shape

A

(1) Far more children were born than the replacement rate (2) Before modern sanitation and nutrition, many children dies before age 5 (3) Before, Middle aged people rarely survived adult diseases

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11
Q

Dependency ratio

A

Estimating the proportion of the population that depends on care from others, comparing number of dependents to number of people in the middle

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12
Q

Young-old

A

Healthy, vigorous and financially secure older adults that are well integrates into the lives of their family

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13
Q

Old-old

A

Those who suffer from physical, mental or social deficits

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14
Q

Oldest-old

A

Early adults who are dependent on others for everything

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15
Q

Compensatory strategies involve what?

A

Personal choice, societal practices, technological options

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16
Q

Selective optimization

A

Focusing on those things that can be done well rather than focusing on cognitive loss and physical loss with age

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17
Q

Cataracts

A

Thickening of the lens causing vision to become cloudy, opaque and disorted

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18
Q

Glaucoma

A

Buildup of fluid within the eye that damages the optic nerve

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19
Q

Macular degeneration

A

Deterioration of the retina (spotty vision)

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20
Q

Atrophy in elders

A

Inevitable

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21
Q

Primary aging

A

the universal and irreversible physical changes that occur to all living creatures as they grow older

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22
Q

Secondary aging

A

Specific physical illnesses or conditions that become more common with aging

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23
Q

Treatment of the elderly: Flu

A

Important for elderly to get vaccinated, even though protected against only B not A strain

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24
Q

CVD

A

Less than half have over age of 65 but by 90 almost everyone has either CVD, Dementia or diabetes

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25
Q

Compression of morbidity

A

Less time elders spend ill or infirm which is due to new technology advances and improvements in lifestyle

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26
Q

Effects of falling

A

Bones become more porous, losing calcium and strength leading to osteoporosis

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27
Q

Genetic clock

A

Mechanism in DNA of cells that regulate the aging process by triggering hormonal changes controlling cellular reproduction and repair

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28
Q

Disposable soma theory

A

each body has a certain amount of physical energy and strength which is gradually spent over a lifetime

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29
Q

Transplants

A

Can add years to your life because you have a healthier parts of your body

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30
Q

Obesity

A

Overweight and obese individuals die at a younger age because of the amount of energy they use

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31
Q

Progeria

A

Genetic disease that stops growth at about age 5, children age very fast and usually die in their late teens

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32
Q

Grandmother hypothesis

A

When menopause hits as a sign that the woman cannot have any more children and should start helping with grandchildren

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33
Q

Oxygen free radicals

A

Atoms of oxygen that have unpaired electrons that can cause disease

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34
Q

Hayflick limit

A

Suggests that human cells are capable of duplicating into two new cells approximately 50 times indicating lifespan is limited

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35
Q

Telomeres

A

Length of chromosomes decrease with each cell duplication and correlates with longevity

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36
Q

B cells

A

Immune cells manufactured in bone marrow create antibodies

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37
Q

T cells

A

Manufactured in thymus gland and produce substances that attack infected cells in the body

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38
Q

Average life expectancy

A

Number of years that the average person in a particular population is expected to live

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39
Q

What promotes longevity?

A

Diet, Family and community, Exercise and relaxation, Work

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40
Q

What state has people living the longest

A

North Dakota

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41
Q

What religious group in the US is known for communities where people live long lives?

A

Seventh day adventists

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42
Q

What qualities of life did researchers say increase lifespan?

A

Moderate diet, hard work, optimism, intellectual curiosity, social involvement

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43
Q

Neurons and dendrites grow in what region?

A

Olfactory and hippocampus region

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44
Q

New neurons provide what to succeed in context of challenges and changing environments?

A

Cognitive adaptability

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45
Q

Brain slowdown correlates with what?

A

Slower walking and most other physical disabilities

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46
Q

Senescence reduces production of neurotransmitters which do what?

A

Allow a nerve impulse to jump quickly

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47
Q

Which ares of the brain shrink the fastest?

A

Hypothalamus and Prefrontal cortex

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48
Q

Compensation with the brain

A

Older adults move more parts of their brain for simpler tasks

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49
Q

Reduced brain reserves

A

Makes challenging tasks even harder

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50
Q

Wandering minds

A

Brain stops using focused region for each function

51
Q

Multitasking

A

Older adults are not as good at it due to being shrinkage

52
Q

Detecting stimuli

A

Older adults sometimes cannot detest stimuli and information never reaches sensory memory

53
Q

Prospective memory

A

Involves remembering to performa a future task, fades with age

54
Q

Working memory

A

Brain slowdown reduces working memory, reduced working memory inhibits multitasking

55
Q

Long term memory

A

Difficult to assess

56
Q

Recognition

A

At every age, recognition is better than recall

57
Q

Control processes

A

The part of the info-processing system that regulates the analysis an flow of info, underlying impairment of cognition in late adulthood

58
Q

Executive function of the brain

A

Selective attention, strategic judgement and appropriate action

59
Q

Priming

A

A control strategy where words or ideas are presented in order to make it easier to remember something

60
Q

Output decline

A

Gradual decline in output of primary mental abilities is normal, usually verbal

61
Q

Cognitive tests

A

Usual paths of cognition in late adulthood as measured by tests, output is usually declined

62
Q

Ecological validity

A

Idea that cognition should be measured n setting that are realistic and abilities measured should be those needed in real life

63
Q

Fundamental ecological issue

A

Addresses question of: What should be assessed-pure, abstract thinking or practical, contextual thought, depersonalized abilities or everyday actions

64
Q

DSM-5

A

Neurocognitive disorders (NCDs)

65
Q

Dementia

A

Irreversible loss of intellectual functioning caused by organic brain damage or disease

66
Q

Mild NCD

A

Older adults having significant problems with memory but still function well at work and home, forgetfulness

67
Q

QMCI

A

biological indicator; clinical judgements of professionals to measure mild loss

68
Q

Neuro-cognitive disorders in elderly

A

Most never experience it

69
Q

Alzheimers disease

A

Characterized by gradual deterioration of memory and personality and marked by the formation of plaques of beta amyloid protein and tangles of tau protein in brain

70
Q

Stages of Alzheimers

A

(1) Forget recent events (2) Generalized confusion, speech become repetitive and aimless (3) Memory loss becomes dangerous causing accidents (4) Full time care needed (5) Unresponsive and identity and personality is gone

71
Q

Hopeful brains

A

Even the brain without symptoms might eventually develop Alzheimers but people with a certain dominant gene definitely will

72
Q

Vascular dementia (VaD)

A

Form of dementia characterized by sporadic and progressive loss of intellectual functioning caused by repeated infarcts and temporary obstruction of blood vessels preventing blood to brain, may cause mini stroke, more common than Alzheimers

73
Q

Frontal lobe dementia

A

Deterioration of amygdala and frontal lobes

74
Q

Parkinsons

A

Chronic progressive disease characterized by muscle tremor and rigidity

75
Q

Lewy Body dementia

A

Characterized by increased lewy body cells in the brain, side effects being hallucination and falling and lack of attention

76
Q

Slowing down NCD and cognitive impairment

A

Exercise, avoiding pathogens

77
Q

Polypharmacy

A

A situation in which elderly people are prescribed several medication and the various side effects and interactions can result in dementia symptoms

78
Q

Integrity vs Despair

A

Final stages of Erickson’s model in which older people gain interest in the arts, in children and in human experience as a whole

79
Q

Self actualization

A

The final stage is Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, characterized by aesthetic, creative, philosophical and spiritual understanding

80
Q

New cognitive development: Vranica and colleagues

A

Memory strategies instruction and improvement in memory functions

81
Q

New cognitive development: Basak and colleagues

A

Video game protocol and improvement in skills related to specific executive functions

82
Q

New cognitive development: Schaie

A

Seattle longitudinal study-improvement of spatial understanding

83
Q

Life review

A

An examination of ones own role in the history of human life, engaged in by many elderly people

84
Q

Self theories

A

Theories of late adulthood that emphasize the core self, or the search to maintain ones integrity and identity

85
Q

Positivity effect

A

The tendency for elderly people to perceive, prefer, and remember positive images and experiences more than negative ones

86
Q

Socio-emotional selectivity theory

A

Older people prioritize their emotional regulation, seeking familiar social contacts who reinforce their generativity, pride and joy

87
Q

Selective optimization with compensation

A

With changes in external appearance, key aspects of self are selected and optimized

88
Q

Stratification theories

A

Theories that emphasize that social forces, particularly those related to a persons social stratum or social category, limit individual choices and affect a persons ability to function in late adulthood because past stratification continues to limit life in various ways

89
Q

Stratification by gender

A

Men seek medical help less than women

90
Q

Stratification by ethnicity

A

Education, health, employment and place of residence create large discrepancies in income by old age

91
Q

Weathering

A

Past stresses and medical disabilities create a high allostatic load which is an accumulation of problems that make a person vulnerable to serious diseases

92
Q

Stratification by age

A

Segregation by age harms everyone because it creates socializing deficits or members of all age groups

93
Q

Financial effects of stratification

A

Employment is directly and indirectly related to income in late adulthood (Stress and accumulating disadvantages are increasingly limited as age advances)

94
Q

Dynamic systems theory

A

A view of human development as an ongoing, ever-changing interaction between the physical and emotional being and between the person and every aspect of his or her environment, including family and society

95
Q

Working during late adulthood

A

employment allows generativity and provides social support, status and boosts self esteem

96
Q

Elderhostel

A

An education-travel program that offers people special learning experiences at universities and other locations across the U.S and around the world

97
Q

Socioemotional theory

A

the size of the social circle may shrink with age, but close relationships become crucial

98
Q

Beanpole family

A

Multiple generations but only a few members in each one

99
Q

Familism

A

Prompts family to come together

100
Q

Relationships with family in late adulthood

A

Sons feel obligated to help parents where daughter fell stronger affection, closeness in proximity determines how frequently you see each other

101
Q

Frail elderly

A

People over 65 who are physically infirm and cannot, eat, bathe, toilet, dress or transfer themselves out of bed on their own (ADLs)

102
Q

IADLs

A

actions important for independent living and require intellectual competence and forethought (paying bills, driving a car)

103
Q

Elder abuse is most likely to occur when?

A

(1) The care receiver is feeble and suffers memory loss (2) Caregiver is drug addict (3) Care occurs in an isolated place (4) Visitors are slim

104
Q

Aging in place

A

Remaining in the same home and community in later life, adjusting but not leaving when health fades

105
Q

Village care vs Assisted living

A

(1) Village care is when elderly people live near each other pool their resources and stay in their homes while receiving special assistance (2) Assisted living is a living arrangement for elderly people that combine privacy and independence

106
Q

Death is considered what?

A

A passage not an endpoint

107
Q

Fatally ill children typically fear what?

A

Abandonment

108
Q

Older children seek what when dying?

A

Specific facts

109
Q

Teens and their fear of death

A

Have little fear of death

110
Q

Terror management theory

A

The idea that people adopt cultural values and moral principles in order to cope with their fear of death

111
Q

5 stages of death Kubler Ross

A

Denial, Anger, Bargaining, Depression, Acceptance

112
Q

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

A

Death is at the top, last required

113
Q

Characteristics of a good death

A

Peaceful, quick, surrounded by family, long life, familiar place, painless

114
Q

Who believes that the stages of death may not go in order and some may never occur?

A

Thanologists

115
Q

2 principles for hospice care

A

(1) Each patients autonomy and decisions are respected (2) Family members and friends are counseled

116
Q

Passive euthanasia

A

A situation in which a seriously ill person is allowed to die naturally, through the cessation of medical intervention

117
Q

Active euthanasia

A

A situation in which someone takes action to bring about another persons death

118
Q

Slippery slope

A

Argument that a given action will start a chain of events that will culminate in an undesirable outcome

119
Q

Bereavement

A

The sense of loss following a death

120
Q

Grief

A

The powerful sorrow that an individual feels at the death of another

121
Q

Mourning

A

The ceremonies and behaviors that a religious or culture prescribes for people to employ in expressing their bereavement after a death

122
Q

Absent grief

A

A situation in which overly private people cut themselves off from community that allow grief

123
Q

Disenfranchised grief

A

A situation in which certain people, although they are bereaved, are prevented from mourning publicly by cultural customs or social restrictions

124
Q

Incomplete grief

A

Situation in which circumstances interfere with grieving process

Lifespan (3 decks)

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