Late Adulthood Flashcards
Functional Age
Actual competence and performance
Life expectancy Crossover
Surviving low SES minorities live longer than white majority
Maximum lifespan
122 years
Instrumental Activities of Daily Life
Necessary to conduct everyday business and require cognitive competemce
2 brain areas that decrease
Frontal lobe
Corpus callosum
Cataracts
Cloudy areas in the lens
Macular Degeneration
Light sensitive cells in the macula breakdown and vision is eventually lost
Compression of morbidity
As life expectancy extends, we want the average period of diminished vigor before detah to decrease
Vitamins to protect bones
Vitamin D, calcium
Vitamins for immune system
Zinc, B6, C, E
Vitamins to prevent free radicals
A, C, E
Emphysema
Loss of elasticity in lung tissue
Primary Aging
Genetically influenced declines that are inevitable
Secondary Aging
Declines due to hereditary defects and environmental influence
Osteoarthritis
Deteriorating cartilage on the ends of bones of frequently used joints
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Effects whole body. Autoimmune response resulting in inflammation of connective tissue
Eriksons stage for late adulthood
Integrity vs. Despair
Integrity vs. Despair
Coming to terms with life. Integrity means feeling whole complete and satisfied with achievements
Pecks 3 tasks of Ego Integrity
Ego differentiation
Body Transcendance
Ego transcendance
Erikson’s Gerotrancedance
Cosmic perspective directed forward and outward beyond self
Cognitive Affective Complexity
Coordination of negative and positive emotions
Affect Optimization
Ability to maximize positive emotion and dampen negative
Life review
Goal of self- understanding
Dependancy- Support Script
Dependant behaviours attended to immediately
Independance- Ignore Script
Independant behaviours are mostly ignored
Disengagement Theory
Mutual withdrawl of an old person and society in anticipation of death
Activity Theory
Social Barriers to engagement, not desires of aging adult, cause declining rates of interaction
Continuity Theory
Aging adults strive to maintain a personla system that promotes life satisfaction, ensuring continuity between past and future
Socioemotional Selectivity Theory
Social interaction extends lifelong selection processes– maintain a few close relationships
% of falls resulting in serious injury
10%
Dementia
Set of disorders occuring almost entirly in old age, thought and behaviour are impaired and everyday activites are interrupted
% of seniors wth dementia
13%– 50% by age 90
Alzheimers
Most common dementia– structural and chemical brain deterioration associated with gradual loss of thought and behaviour
Alzheimers prevalence
8-10%
Earliest symptoms of alzheimers
severe memory problems
2 major structural changes in alzheimer brains
Neurofibrillary tangles
Amyloid plaques
Neurofibrillary tangles
Bundles of twisted threads that are the product of collapsed neural structures that contain abnormal protein tau
Amyloid plaque
Dense deposits of deteriorated protein called amyloid surrounded by clumps of dead nerve and glial cells
Familial alzheimers
Early onset and progresses more rapidly
Chromosomes in familial alz.
1
14
21
Sporadic Alzheimers
Abnormal levels of Apo4 effects expression of gene that regulates insulin
Apo4
Blood protein that carries cholesterol through body
Immune Globulin
Blood product delivered intravenously containing antibodies against harmful amyloids– improves cognition and reduces amyloid buildup
Insulin nasal spray
Regulates neuronal use of glucose
Alzheimer drugs increase neurotransmitters
ACTH
Serotonin
Respite
Time away from providing care
Cerebrovascular Dementia
Series of strokes leaves areas of dead brain cells, producing degeneration of mental ability following each stroke
% of dementia cases that are cerebrovascular
10-20%
% of healthcare on seniors
40%
Assisted living
Homelike housing arrangement for seniors who require more care than at home, but less than nursing home– more cost effective
Fluid intelligence
Biologically based information processing skills– limits ability when lost
Crystallized intelligence
Culturally based knowledge– only shows modest decline
Selective optimization with compensation
Select personally valued activities to optimize returns from dimished energy- find ways to compensate for losses
Episodic memory
Recall of everyday events– worsens in old age
Temporal memory
Recall of order in which events occurred suffers
Implicit memory
Memory without conscious awareness
Associative memory
Binding information into complex memories
Associative memory deficit
Difficulty creating and retrieving links between pieces of information– pairings
Elaboration
Relating word pairs by generating a sentence linking them– improves associative memory
Remote meory
Very long-term recall
Reminicence bump
Period of heightened autobiographical memory– 10-30
Prospective memory
Remembering to engage in planned actions in the future
2 language production lossses
Retrieval of words from long term memory
Planning what to say and how to say it
Wisdom
Breadth and depth of practical knowledge, emotional maturity and altruistic creativity
Terminal decline
Acceleration of deterioration of cognitive functioning prior to death
Life space
Where person spends days and nights. Potentially boundless but limited by time, money and health
Mobility
Ability to move freely through life space
Programmed movement
Executed sequence of contraction and relaxation of muscles
Balance
Set of strategies employed to maintain stability
Normal balance
Ability to correct an unexpected large displacement in a short time
Instability
Impairment of ability to correct displacement while moving through space
Slip
Acceleration and forward extension of leg, backward movement of trunk
Trip
Flexion of extending limb, forward moveemnt of trunk
Ichaemia
Insufficent blood supply to organ
Drop attack
Unexpected and unexplained fall during walking, followed by a difficulty rising
Falls
Force and speed of displacement exceed response of balance mechanisms
Inverse care law
The more common a condition s, the less attention is devoted to it
Dysuria
Painful urination
Normal bladder function
100mL/hour
Awareness of bladder 3 stages
Sensation of fulness- 300mL
Discomfort- 600
Desperate- 750
4 mechanisms of incontinence
High pressure
Incompetent sphincter
Obstruction of outlet
Inert detrusor muscle
Brain failure
Brain functions abnormally as a result of change in brain tissue or functional change in its nutrition
Intrinsic brain failure
Develops slowly and runs a long progressive course
Extrinsic brain failure
Develops rapidly and runs short reversible course
