Late adulthood Flashcards
1
Q
As more individuals are living healthier lives and medical discoveries are slowing down the aging process, middle age appears to be _______ and ______
A
starting later & lasting longer
2
Q
late middle age is?
A
55-65
3
Q
middle age is a time of declining physical skills-such as?
A
loss of height
impaired vision and hearing
reduced cardiovascular functioning
4
Q
_____ also becomes more problematic.
A
Sleep
5
Q
_______ the maximum number of years an individual can live.
A
Life Span
6
Q
________ the number of years that will probably be lived by the average person born in a particular year
A
Life Expectancy
7
Q
individual 100 years and older.
A
Centenarians
8
Q
individuals 110 to 119 years and older.
A
Supercentenarians
9
Q
In 2018, who is oldest living person in the world for 117-year-old
A
Nabi Tajima of Japan
10
Q
Who is the oldest living person in the United States for 114-year-old?
A
Delphine Gibson of Pennsylvania
11
Q
Factors that are responsible for such longevity in Okinawa, Japan:
A
[1] Diet
[2] Low-stress lifestyle
[3] Caring community
[4] Activity
[5] Spirituality
12
Q
Many experts on aging prefer to describe the young-old, old-old, and oldest-old in terms of _________ rather than chronological age
A
functional age
13
Q
85-year- olds are more _____ and _____ fit than some 65-year-olds
A
biologically & psychologically
14
Q
This theory states that natural selection has not eliminated many harmful conditions and nonadaptive characteristics in older adults; thus, the benefits conferred by evolution decline with age.
A
Evolutionary Theory of Aging
15
Q
is linked to reproductive fitness.
A
natural selection
16
Q
cellular maintenance requirements and evolutionary constraints:
A
Cellular Clock/Telomere Theory
Free-Radical Theory
Mitochondrial Theory
Sirtuin Theory
mTOR Pathway Theory
Hormonal Stress Theory
17
Q
It is Leonard Hayflick’s theory states that the maximum number of times that human cells can divide is about 75 to 80. As we age, our cells have less capacity to divide.
A
Cellular Clock/Telomere Theory
18
Q
A microbiological theory of aging that states that people age because normal metabolic processes within their cells produce unstable oxygen molecules known as free radicals.
~ These molecules ricochet around inside cells, damaging DNA and other cellular structures.
A
Free-Radical Theory
19
Q
the theory that aging is caused by the decay of mitochondria, tiny cellular bodies that supply energy for function, growth, and repair.
A
Mitochondrial Theory
20
Q
A family of proteins (_____) that have been proposed as having important influences on longevity, mitochondria functioning in energy, calorie restriction benefits, stress resistance, and cardiovascular functioning.
A
Sirtuin Theory & Sirtuin
21
Q
A cellular pathway involving the regulation of growth and metabolism that has been proposed as a key aspect of longevity
A
mTOR Pathway Theory
22
Q
A theory that aging in the body’s hormonal system can decrease resistance to stress and increase the likelihood of disease.
A
Hormonal Stress Theory
23
Q
The brain loses weight and volume with age, and there is a general slowing of function in the central nervous system that begins in middle adulthood and increases in late adulthood
A
THE SHRINKING, SLOWING BRAIN
24
Q
older adults can generate ________, and at least through the seventies ______
A
new neurons & new dendrites.
25
The aging brain retains considerable plasticity and adaptiveness
THE ADAPTING BRAIN
26
It is the generation of new neurons, which does occur in lower mammalian species, such as mice.
Neurogenesis
27
can result in earlier death and lower cognitive functioning.
Poor sleep
28
Strategies to help older adults sleep better at night includes:
avoiding caffeine
avoiding over- the-counter sleep remedies
staying physically active during the day
staying mentally active
limiting naps
29
People get shorter as they age, and their weight often decreases after age 60 because of ______
loss of muscle
30
visual decline in late adulthood is linked to
(a) cognitive decline
(b) having fewer social contacts
(c) engaging in less challenging social/leisure activities
31
with aging, ________, ________, & _________ decline
visual acuity, color vision, and depth perception
32
Three diseases that can impair the vision of older adults are:
cataracts
glaucoma
macular degeneration
33
A thickening of the lens of the eye that causes vision to become cloudy, opaque, and distorted.
Cataracts
34
Damage to the optic nerve because of the pressure created by a buildup of fluid in the eye.
Glaucoma
35
A disease that involves deterioration of the macula of the retina, which corresponds to the focal center of the visual field.
Macular Degeneration
36
The yellowing of the eye's lens with age reduces __________. The ability to see the ___________ also declines in older adults.
color differentiation & periphery of a visual field
37
decline can begin in middle age but usually does not become much of an impediment until late adulthood.
Hearing
38
is linked to declines in activities of daily living, cognitive functioning, and language.
Hearing loss
39
A perceptual motor coupling characterizes older adults; driving a vehicle is an example of this coupling.
➤ Two types of interventions in improving older adults' driving:
Cognitive training
Education
40
a disorder that increase in late adulthood.
Cardiovascular disorders
41
a disorder that increase in late adulthood.
Cardiovascular disorders
42
Consistent high blood pressure should be treated to reduce the risk of ________, _______ _______, and _______ ______.
stroke, heart attack, and kidney disease
43
The most common chronic disorder in late adulthood is ______
arthritis
44
the main reason many older adults walk with a stoop; women are especially vulnerable to this condition
Osteoporosis
45
inflammation of the joints accompanied by pain, stiffness, and movement problems; this disease is especially common in older adults
Arthritis
46
a chronic condition that involves an extensive loss of bone tissue and is the main reason many older adults walk with a marked stoop
Osteoporosis
47
unintended injuries are the eighth leading cause of death among older adults
Accidents
48
Researchers who study exercise and aging have made the following discoveries:
[1] Exercise is linked to increased longevity
[2] Exercise is related to prevention of common chronic diseases.
[3] Exercise is associated with improvement in the treatment of many diseases.
[4] Exercise improves older adults' cellular functioning.
[5] Exercise improves immune system functioning in older adults.
[6] Exercise can optimize body composition and reduce the decline in motor skills as aging occurs.
[7] Exercise reduces the likelihood that older adults will develop mental health problems and can be effective in the treatment of mental health problems.
[8] Exercise can reduce the negative effects of stress in older adults
[9] Exercise is linked to improved brain, cognitive, and affective functioning in older adult.
49
Four aspects of nutrition are especially important in older adults:
[1] Getting adequate nutrition.
[2] Avoiding overweight and obesity.
[3] Deciding whether to restrict calorie intake to improve health and extend life.
[4] Determining whether to take specific vitamin supplements to slow the aging process.
50
Being _______ is linked to health problems, and being _______ predicts earlier death.
overweight & obese
51
these can slow the aging process and improve older adults' health
antioxidants vitamin C, vitamin E, and beta-carotene
52
taking _______ ______ ______ does not reduce the risk of cancer and cardiovascular disease
antioxidant vitamin supplements
53
_____ is a multidimensional concept
Cognitive functioning
54
Cognitive mechanics are "_________" of the mind that may decline with age due to biological factors
hardware
55
Cognitive pragmatics are "_______" of the mind that may improve with age due to cultural factors
software
56
factors that contribute to the decline in fluid mechanics in late adulthood:
Declines in processing speed, working memory capacity, and inhibition
57
these refer to the neurophysiological processes involved in sensory input, attention, memory, and categorization, which are likely to decline with age due to biological and health factors.
Cognitive Mechanics
58
these refer to culture-based skills such as language comprehension, education, and life
skills, which can continue to improve even in old age due to their experiential and cultural foundation.
Cognitive Pragmatics
59
fluid intelligence reflecting _______ ______ and crystallized intelligence reflecting ___________
cognitive mechanics & cognitive pragmatics
60
decline during aging due to biological and genetic factors.
Cognitive mechanics
61
do not decline until individuals become very old.
Cognitive pragmatics
62
Four types of attention are :
selective attention
divided attention
sustained attention
and executive attention.
63
focuses on relevant information while ignoring irrelevant information.
Selective attention
64
concentrating on more than one activity at the same time.
Divided Attention
65
focused and extended engagement with an object, task, event, or some other aspect of the environment.
Sustained Attention (Vigilance)
66
planning actions, allocating attention to goals, detecting and compensating for errors, monitoring progress on tasks, and dealing with novel or difficult circumstances.
Executive Attention
67
Different dimensions of memory and aging have been studied, including:
Explicit memory
Episodic memory
Semantic memory
Source memory
Prospective memory
Working memory
68
which is conscious memory of facts and experiences, declines with aging
Explicit memory
69
which involves automatic skills and routines, is less affected.
implicit memory
70
a person's knowledge about the world, is generally preserved in late adulthood, but older adults may experience difficulties retrieving specific information such as names, and the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon is common.
Semantic memory
71
Cognitive resources such as __________ & _______ decline with age and can affect memory performance
working memory and perceptual speed
72
refers to the ability to remember where or how you learned information, whether you read an article online or heard about it from a friend.
Source memory
73
is the ability to remember to do something in the future, such as taking medication or attending an appointment.
Prospective memory
74
is like a mental "workbench" that allows people to manipulate and assemble information when making decisions, solving problems, and comprehending language
Working memory
75
is the ability to perform simple perceptual-motor tasks, and it shows considerable decline in late adulthood.
Perceptual speed
76
Skills tend to decline in older adults, particularly in working memory, cognitive control, cognitive flexibility, and cognitive inhibition.
EXECUTIVE FUNCTION
77
As people age, their cognitive abilities decline in certain areas such as working memory, cognitive control, and cognitive inhibition.
METACOGNITION
78
training, particularly through meditation, has become of increasing interest for older adults.
Mindfulness
79
about practical life matters, exceptional insight into human development, good judgment, and an understanding of how to cope with difficult life problems.
Wisdom
80
Three important factors that influence cognitive functioning in older adults are:
education, work, and health
81
Cognitive activity patterns may result in disuse and atrophy of cognitive skills.
➤ Engaging in intellectually stimulating activities can buffer age-related declines in cognitive development.
use it or lose it
82
the stereotypes (how we think), prejudice (how we feel) and discrimination (how we act) towards others or ourselves based on age.
→ _____ stereotypes can limit older workers' career opportunities and encourage early retirement or downsizing
Ageism & Ageist
83
disorders in older age can limit a longer life, increasing dependence on others and resulting in societal costs.
Mental
84
it is a mood disorder characterized by deep unhappiness, demoralization, self-derogation, and boredom
Major Depressive Disorder
85
it affects memory, reasoning, language, and physical function.
Alzheimer's Disease
86
is a transitional state between normal cognitive changes due to aging and early stages of Alzheimer's disease and other dementia.
Mild cognitive impairment (MCI)
87
Individuals with the _______ and _____ _________are more likely to decline from MCI to Alzheimer's disease.
ApoE4 gene & memory impairment
88
can predict memory loss and dementia, and amyloid beta in spinal fluid is present in about 75% of individuals with MCI who develop Alzheimer's disease within five years.
fMRI
89
The FDA has approved five drugs to treat Alzheimer's disease, including:
cholinesterase inhibitors and Namenda, which regulate glutamate activity
90
it is a chronic and progressive disease that affects movement and facial expression. It is caused by degeneration of dopamine-producing neurons in the brain, and the reason for this degeneration is unknown.
Parkinson's Disease
91
The main treatment for Parkinson's disease is drugs that enhance the effect of ________, and in later stages, L-dopa is administered
dopamine
92
are also being studied as potential treatments
Stem cell transplantation and gene therapy
93
___________ and certain types of _______, such as the tango, have also shown promise in improving symptoms
Deep brain stimulation & dances
94
occurs in late adulthood; it is the final stage of psychosocial development
Integrity vs. Despair
95
prominent in Erikson's final stage of integrity vs. despair; it involves evaluating, interpreting, and often reinterpreting life experiences.
Life Review
96
sees life review as an opportunity for personal growth, celebration, affirmation, hope, and reconciliation as well as the chance to feel pain, anger, guilt, and regret.
Robert Butler
97
involves discussing past activities and experience with another individual or group.
← Include the use of photographs, familiar items, and video/audio recordings.
→ Improves the mood and quality of older adults, including those with dementia.
Reminiscence Therapy
98
involves discussing past activities and experience with another individual or group.
← Include the use of photographs, familiar items, and video/audio recordings.
→ Improves the mood and quality of older adults, including those with dementia.
Reminiscence Therapy
99
it suggests that being active and involved is associated with a better quality of life for older adults.
Activity Theory
100
states that adults become more selective about their social network as they grow older
Socioemotional Selectivity Theory
101
are recommended to increase social engagement of older adults due to recent studies showing weaker social engagement today than 15 years ago for 55- to 64-year-olds
Interventions
102
➤ Socioemotional selectivity theory identifies two classes of goals that individuals are motivated to achieve:
[1] Knowledge-Related
[2] Emotion-Related
103
motivation for knowledge- related goals peaks in early adulthood and declines in middle and late adulthood.
Knowledge-Related
104
it suggests that emotions peak in infancy, decline through early adulthood, and increase again in middle and late adulthood, and that older adults are more satisfied when they focus on emotionally meaningful goals.
Emotion-Related
105
influences the changing trajectories in knowledge and emotion-related goals.
Perception of time
106
Younger individuals, who perceive time as open-ended, ______________________, even if it comes at the cost of emotional satisfaction.
prioritize pursuing knowledge
107
Older adults, who perceive that they have less time left, _______________ over knowledge acquisition
prioritize emotional satisfaction
108
the theory describes how people can produce new resources and allocate them effectively to the tasks they want to master.
Selective Optimization with Compensation Theory
109
➤ Paul Baltes states that successful aging depends on three main factors:
[1] Selection
[2] Optimization
[3] Compensation
110
An older adults' reduced capacity and loss of functioning require reduced performance in most life domains.
Selection
111
maintains performance via practice and technology use.
Optimization
112
relevant when tasks require a level of capacity beyond the current level of the performance potential.
Compensation
113
assessed the personal life investments of 25 to 105-years-old.
→ Shown here are the top four domains of personal life investment at different points in life
Ursula Staudinger -
114
Higher levels of conscientiousness and extraversion are associated with _____
longer life
115
Higher levels of conscientiousness reduce the risk of developing __________.
Alzheimer's disease
116
Higher levels of neuroticism predict ________, while higher levels of agreeableness and lower levels of neuroticism lower the risk of developing ___________.
higher frailty & dementia
117
Higher levels of neuroticism predict ________, while higher levels of agreeableness and lower levels of neuroticism lower the risk of developing ___________.
higher frailty & dementia
118
Higher levels of openness and lower levels of agreeableness are associated with more frequent _________ and lower ___________ in older adults
sexual activity & sexual dysfunction
119
Higher levels of openness and lower levels of agreeableness are associated with more frequent _________ and lower ___________ in older adults
sexual activity & sexual dysfunction
120
More severe depression in older adults is associated with higher _____ and lower ________ and __________.
neuroticism & extraversion & conscientiousness
121
Higher levels of conscientiousness, openness, agreeableness, and extraversion are linked to ____________, while neuroticism is associated with ______________.
positive emotions & negative emotions
122
(emotion) and outlook on life are linked to mortality in older adults.
Affect
123
(emotion) and outlook on life are linked to mortality in older adults.
Affect
124
is linked to lower depression and obesity in adults.
High self-control
125
the view that our aging society is being unfair to its younger members because older adults pile up advantages by receiving inequitably large allocations of resources.
Generational Inequity
126
the view that our aging society is being unfair to its younger members because older adults pile up advantages by receiving inequitably large allocations of resources.
Generational Inequity
127
Low _______ is linked to increased risk of earlier death in older adults
SES
128
physical and emotional caretaking for older members of the family, whether by giving day-to-day physical assistance or by being responsible for overseeing such care
Eldercare
129
physical and emotional caretaking for older members of the family, whether by giving day-to-day physical assistance or by being responsible for overseeing such care
Eldercare
130
woman whose spouse has died and who has not remarried.
Widow
131
it can be defined as a social and legal union between two individuals, often involving emotional, economic, and physical intimacy, with the intention of committing to a long-term partnership.
Marriage
132
are linked to a number of positive outcomes for older adults.
Positive marital relationships
133
was more strongly linked to an important biomarker of cellular aging, telomere length
Spousal support
134
helped to insulate older adults' happiness from the effects of daily fluctuations in perceived health
Marital satisfaction
135
live together and have a sexual relationship without being married.
Cohabiting
136
live together and have a sexual relationship without being married.
Cohabiting
137
linked to greater psychological and physical well-being in late adulthood.
Attachment Security
138
linked to greater psychological and physical well-being in late adulthood.
Attachment Security
139
associated with negative caregiver burden in caring for patients with Alzheimer's disease
Insecure Attachment
140
decreases in middle-aged and older adults, while attachment avoidance decreases linearly across the lifespan.
Attachment Anxiety -
141
Men have higher rates of _____________ than women throughout the lifespan.
attachment avoidance
142
Relationships between aging parents and their children are usually characterized by _________
ambivalence
143
was likely to be present when relationships involved in-laws, those in poor health, and adult children with poor parental relationships in early life.
Ambivalence
144
refer to social groups that an individual is a part of, with family typically consisting of blood or legal ties, while peers are individuals of similar age or status who may share common interests or experiences
Family and Peers
145
it describes how individuals have a personal network from which they give and receive social support.
Convoy Model of Social Relations -
146
is important for the mental health of older adults
Social integration
147
It is linked to physical health, mental health, life satisfaction, and reduced mortality in older adults.
SOCIAL SUPPORT
148
it refers to the social and environmental context in which individuals age and how it affects their physical and mental health
Community and Culture
149
Women may face a triple jeopardy of
__________, __________, & ________.
ageism, sexism, and racism
150
Three factors for a good old age:
(1) health
(2) security
(3) kinship/support
151
characterized by a modest decline in psychological functioning after midlife (most common).
Normal Aging
152
it involves greater than average decline, such as mild cognitive impairment or chronic disease
Pathological Aging
153
it is maintained longer and declines later than for most people.
Successful Aging
154
Successful aging involves :
proper diet
active lifestyle
mental stimulation
good social relationships and support
absence of disease
positive coping skills
155
Successful aging involves :
proper diet
active lifestyle
mental stimulation
good social relationships and support
absence of disease
positive coping skills
