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Developmental Psychology > Late adulthood > Flashcards

Late adulthood Flashcards

1
Q

As more individuals are living healthier lives and medical discoveries are slowing down the aging process, middle age appears to be _______ and ______

A

starting later & lasting longer

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2
Q

late middle age is?

A

55-65

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3
Q

middle age is a time of declining physical skills-such as?

A

loss of height
impaired vision and hearing
reduced cardiovascular functioning

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4
Q

_____ also becomes more problematic.

A

Sleep

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5
Q

_______ the maximum number of years an individual can live.

A

Life Span

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6
Q

________ the number of years that will probably be lived by the average person born in a particular year

A

Life Expectancy

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7
Q

individual 100 years and older.

A

Centenarians

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8
Q

individuals 110 to 119 years and older.

A

Supercentenarians

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9
Q

In 2018, who is oldest living person in the world for 117-year-old

A

Nabi Tajima of Japan

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10
Q

Who is the oldest living person in the United States for 114-year-old?

A

Delphine Gibson of Pennsylvania

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11
Q

Factors that are responsible for such longevity in Okinawa, Japan:

A

[1] Diet
[2] Low-stress lifestyle
[3] Caring community
[4] Activity
[5] Spirituality

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12
Q

Many experts on aging prefer to describe the young-old, old-old, and oldest-old in terms of _________ rather than chronological age

A

functional age

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13
Q

85-year- olds are more _____ and _____ fit than some 65-year-olds

A

biologically & psychologically

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14
Q

This theory states that natural selection has not eliminated many harmful conditions and nonadaptive characteristics in older adults; thus, the benefits conferred by evolution decline with age.

A

Evolutionary Theory of Aging

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15
Q

is linked to reproductive fitness.

A

natural selection

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16
Q

cellular maintenance requirements and evolutionary constraints:

A

Cellular Clock/Telomere Theory
Free-Radical Theory
Mitochondrial Theory
Sirtuin Theory
mTOR Pathway Theory
Hormonal Stress Theory

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17
Q

It is Leonard Hayflick’s theory states that the maximum number of times that human cells can divide is about 75 to 80. As we age, our cells have less capacity to divide.

A

Cellular Clock/Telomere Theory

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18
Q

A microbiological theory of aging that states that people age because normal metabolic processes within their cells produce unstable oxygen molecules known as free radicals.

~ These molecules ricochet around inside cells, damaging DNA and other cellular structures.

A

Free-Radical Theory

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19
Q

the theory that aging is caused by the decay of mitochondria, tiny cellular bodies that supply energy for function, growth, and repair.

A

Mitochondrial Theory

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20
Q

A family of proteins (_____) that have been proposed as having important influences on longevity, mitochondria functioning in energy, calorie restriction benefits, stress resistance, and cardiovascular functioning.

A

Sirtuin Theory & Sirtuin

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21
Q

A cellular pathway involving the regulation of growth and metabolism that has been proposed as a key aspect of longevity

A

mTOR Pathway Theory

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22
Q

A theory that aging in the body’s hormonal system can decrease resistance to stress and increase the likelihood of disease.

A

Hormonal Stress Theory

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23
Q

The brain loses weight and volume with age, and there is a general slowing of function in the central nervous system that begins in middle adulthood and increases in late adulthood

A

THE SHRINKING, SLOWING BRAIN

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24
Q

older adults can generate ________, and at least through the seventies ______

A

new neurons & new dendrites.

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25
Q

The aging brain retains considerable plasticity and adaptiveness

A

THE ADAPTING BRAIN

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26
Q

It is the generation of new neurons, which does occur in lower mammalian species, such as mice.

A

Neurogenesis

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27
Q

can result in earlier death and lower cognitive functioning.

A

Poor sleep

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28
Q

Strategies to help older adults sleep better at night includes:

A

avoiding caffeine
avoiding over- the-counter sleep remedies
staying physically active during the day
staying mentally active
limiting naps

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29
Q

People get shorter as they age, and their weight often decreases after age 60 because of ______

A

loss of muscle

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30
Q

visual decline in late adulthood is linked to

A

(a) cognitive decline
(b) having fewer social contacts
(c) engaging in less challenging social/leisure activities

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31
Q

with aging, ________, ________, & _________ decline

A

visual acuity, color vision, and depth perception

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32
Q

Three diseases that can impair the vision of older adults are:

A

cataracts
glaucoma
macular degeneration

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33
Q

A thickening of the lens of the eye that causes vision to become cloudy, opaque, and distorted.

A

Cataracts

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34
Q

Damage to the optic nerve because of the pressure created by a buildup of fluid in the eye.

A

Glaucoma

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35
Q

A disease that involves deterioration of the macula of the retina, which corresponds to the focal center of the visual field.

A

Macular Degeneration

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36
Q

The yellowing of the eye’s lens with age reduces __________. The ability to see the ___________ also declines in older adults.

A

color differentiation & periphery of a visual field

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37
Q

decline can begin in middle age but usually does not become much of an impediment until late adulthood.

A

Hearing

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38
Q

is linked to declines in activities of daily living, cognitive functioning, and language.

A

Hearing loss

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39
Q

A perceptual motor coupling characterizes older adults; driving a vehicle is an example of this coupling.

➤ Two types of interventions in improving older adults’ driving:

A

Cognitive training
Education

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40
Q

a disorder that increase in late adulthood.

A

Cardiovascular disorders

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41
Q

a disorder that increase in late adulthood.

A

Cardiovascular disorders

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42
Q

Consistent high blood pressure should be treated to reduce the risk of ________, _______ _______, and _______ ______.

A

stroke, heart attack, and kidney disease

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43
Q

The most common chronic disorder in late adulthood is ______

A

arthritis

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44
Q

the main reason many older adults walk with a stoop; women are especially vulnerable to this condition

A

Osteoporosis

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45
Q

inflammation of the joints accompanied by pain, stiffness, and movement problems; this disease is especially common in older adults

A

Arthritis

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46
Q

a chronic condition that involves an extensive loss of bone tissue and is the main reason many older adults walk with a marked stoop

A

Osteoporosis

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47
Q

unintended injuries are the eighth leading cause of death among older adults

A

Accidents

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48
Q

Researchers who study exercise and aging have made the following discoveries:

A

[1] Exercise is linked to increased longevity
[2] Exercise is related to prevention of common chronic diseases.
[3] Exercise is associated with improvement in the treatment of many diseases.
[4] Exercise improves older adults’ cellular functioning.
[5] Exercise improves immune system functioning in older adults.
[6] Exercise can optimize body composition and reduce the decline in motor skills as aging occurs.
[7] Exercise reduces the likelihood that older adults will develop mental health problems and can be effective in the treatment of mental health problems.
[8] Exercise can reduce the negative effects of stress in older adults
[9] Exercise is linked to improved brain, cognitive, and affective functioning in older adult.

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49
Q

Four aspects of nutrition are especially important in older adults:

A

[1] Getting adequate nutrition.

[2] Avoiding overweight and obesity.

[3] Deciding whether to restrict calorie intake to improve health and extend life.

[4] Determining whether to take specific vitamin supplements to slow the aging process.

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50
Q

Being _______ is linked to health problems, and being _______ predicts earlier death.

A

overweight & obese

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51
Q

these can slow the aging process and improve older adults’ health

A

antioxidants vitamin C, vitamin E, and beta-carotene

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52
Q

taking _______ ______ ______ does not reduce the risk of cancer and cardiovascular disease

A

antioxidant vitamin supplements

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53
Q

_____ is a multidimensional concept

A

Cognitive functioning

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54
Q

Cognitive mechanics are “_________” of the mind that may decline with age due to biological factors

A

hardware

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55
Q

Cognitive pragmatics are “_______” of the mind that may improve with age due to cultural factors

A

software

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56
Q

factors that contribute to the decline in fluid mechanics in late adulthood:

A

Declines in processing speed, working memory capacity, and inhibition

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57
Q

these refer to the neurophysiological processes involved in sensory input, attention, memory, and categorization, which are likely to decline with age due to biological and health factors.

A

Cognitive Mechanics

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58
Q

these refer to culture-based skills such as language comprehension, education, and life
skills, which can continue to improve even in old age due to their experiential and cultural foundation.

A

Cognitive Pragmatics

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59
Q

fluid intelligence reflecting _______ ______ and crystallized intelligence reflecting ___________

A

cognitive mechanics & cognitive pragmatics

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60
Q

decline during aging due to biological and genetic factors.

A

Cognitive mechanics

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61
Q

do not decline until individuals become very old.

A

Cognitive pragmatics

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62
Q

Four types of attention are :

A

selective attention
divided attention
sustained attention
and executive attention.

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63
Q

focuses on relevant information while ignoring irrelevant information.

A

Selective attention

64
Q

concentrating on more than one activity at the same time.

A

Divided Attention

65
Q

focused and extended engagement with an object, task, event, or some other aspect of the environment.

A

Sustained Attention (Vigilance)

66
Q

planning actions, allocating attention to goals, detecting and compensating for errors, monitoring progress on tasks, and dealing with novel or difficult circumstances.

A

Executive Attention

67
Q

Different dimensions of memory and aging have been studied, including:

A

Explicit memory
Episodic memory
Semantic memory
Source memory
Prospective memory
Working memory

68
Q

which is conscious memory of facts and experiences, declines with aging

A

Explicit memory

69
Q

which involves automatic skills and routines, is less affected.

A

implicit memory

70
Q

a person’s knowledge about the world, is generally preserved in late adulthood, but older adults may experience difficulties retrieving specific information such as names, and the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon is common.

A

Semantic memory

71
Q

Cognitive resources such as __________ & _______ decline with age and can affect memory performance

A

working memory and perceptual speed

72
Q

refers to the ability to remember where or how you learned information, whether you read an article online or heard about it from a friend.

A

Source memory

73
Q

is the ability to remember to do something in the future, such as taking medication or attending an appointment.

A

Prospective memory

74
Q

is like a mental “workbench” that allows people to manipulate and assemble information when making decisions, solving problems, and comprehending language

A

Working memory

75
Q

is the ability to perform simple perceptual-motor tasks, and it shows considerable decline in late adulthood.

A

Perceptual speed

76
Q

Skills tend to decline in older adults, particularly in working memory, cognitive control, cognitive flexibility, and cognitive inhibition.

A

EXECUTIVE FUNCTION

77
Q

As people age, their cognitive abilities decline in certain areas such as working memory, cognitive control, and cognitive inhibition.

A

METACOGNITION

78
Q

training, particularly through meditation, has become of increasing interest for older adults.

A

Mindfulness

79
Q

about practical life matters, exceptional insight into human development, good judgment, and an understanding of how to cope with difficult life problems.

A

Wisdom

80
Q

Three important factors that influence cognitive functioning in older adults are:

A

education, work, and health

81
Q

Cognitive activity patterns may result in disuse and atrophy of cognitive skills.

➤ Engaging in intellectually stimulating activities can buffer age-related declines in cognitive development.

A

use it or lose it

82
Q

the stereotypes (how we think), prejudice (how we feel) and discrimination (how we act) towards others or ourselves based on age.

→ _____ stereotypes can limit older workers’ career opportunities and encourage early retirement or downsizing

A

Ageism & Ageist

83
Q

disorders in older age can limit a longer life, increasing dependence on others and resulting in societal costs.

A

Mental

84
Q

it is a mood disorder characterized by deep unhappiness, demoralization, self-derogation, and boredom

A

Major Depressive Disorder

85
Q

it affects memory, reasoning, language, and physical function.

A

Alzheimer’s Disease

86
Q

is a transitional state between normal cognitive changes due to aging and early stages of Alzheimer’s disease and other dementia.

A

Mild cognitive impairment (MCI)

87
Q

Individuals with the _______ and _____ _________are more likely to decline from MCI to Alzheimer’s disease.

A

ApoE4 gene & memory impairment

88
Q

can predict memory loss and dementia, and amyloid beta in spinal fluid is present in about 75% of individuals with MCI who develop Alzheimer’s disease within five years.

A

fMRI

89
Q

The FDA has approved five drugs to treat Alzheimer’s disease, including:

A

cholinesterase inhibitors and Namenda, which regulate glutamate activity

90
Q

it is a chronic and progressive disease that affects movement and facial expression. It is caused by degeneration of dopamine-producing neurons in the brain, and the reason for this degeneration is unknown.

A

Parkinson’s Disease

91
Q

The main treatment for Parkinson’s disease is drugs that enhance the effect of ________, and in later stages, L-dopa is administered

A

dopamine

92
Q

are also being studied as potential treatments

A

Stem cell transplantation and gene therapy

93
Q

___________ and certain types of _______, such as the tango, have also shown promise in improving symptoms

A

Deep brain stimulation & dances

94
Q

occurs in late adulthood; it is the final stage of psychosocial development

A

Integrity vs. Despair

95
Q

prominent in Erikson’s final stage of integrity vs. despair; it involves evaluating, interpreting, and often reinterpreting life experiences.

A

Life Review

96
Q

sees life review as an opportunity for personal growth, celebration, affirmation, hope, and reconciliation as well as the chance to feel pain, anger, guilt, and regret.

A

Robert Butler

97
Q

involves discussing past activities and experience with another individual or group.

← Include the use of photographs, familiar items, and video/audio recordings.

→ Improves the mood and quality of older adults, including those with dementia.

A

Reminiscence Therapy

98
Q

involves discussing past activities and experience with another individual or group.

← Include the use of photographs, familiar items, and video/audio recordings.

→ Improves the mood and quality of older adults, including those with dementia.

A

Reminiscence Therapy

99
Q

it suggests that being active and involved is associated with a better quality of life for older adults.

A

Activity Theory

100
Q

states that adults become more selective about their social network as they grow older

A

Socioemotional Selectivity Theory

101
Q

are recommended to increase social engagement of older adults due to recent studies showing weaker social engagement today than 15 years ago for 55- to 64-year-olds

A

Interventions

102
Q

➤ Socioemotional selectivity theory identifies two classes of goals that individuals are motivated to achieve:

A

[1] Knowledge-Related

[2] Emotion-Related

103
Q

motivation for knowledge- related goals peaks in early adulthood and declines in middle and late adulthood.

A

Knowledge-Related

104
Q

it suggests that emotions peak in infancy, decline through early adulthood, and increase again in middle and late adulthood, and that older adults are more satisfied when they focus on emotionally meaningful goals.

A

Emotion-Related

105
Q

influences the changing trajectories in knowledge and emotion-related goals.

A

Perception of time

106
Q

Younger individuals, who perceive time as open-ended, ______________________, even if it comes at the cost of emotional satisfaction.

A

prioritize pursuing knowledge

107
Q

Older adults, who perceive that they have less time left, _______________ over knowledge acquisition

A

prioritize emotional satisfaction

108
Q

the theory describes how people can produce new resources and allocate them effectively to the tasks they want to master.

A

Selective Optimization with Compensation Theory

109
Q

➤ Paul Baltes states that successful aging depends on three main factors:

A

[1] Selection
[2] Optimization
[3] Compensation

110
Q

An older adults’ reduced capacity and loss of functioning require reduced performance in most life domains.

A

Selection

111
Q

maintains performance via practice and technology use.

A

Optimization

112
Q

relevant when tasks require a level of capacity beyond the current level of the performance potential.

A

Compensation

113
Q

assessed the personal life investments of 25 to 105-years-old.

→ Shown here are the top four domains of personal life investment at different points in life

A

Ursula Staudinger -

114
Q

Higher levels of conscientiousness and extraversion are associated with _____

A

longer life

115
Q

Higher levels of conscientiousness reduce the risk of developing __________.

A

Alzheimer’s disease

116
Q

Higher levels of neuroticism predict ________, while higher levels of agreeableness and lower levels of neuroticism lower the risk of developing ___________.

A

higher frailty & dementia

117
Q

Higher levels of neuroticism predict ________, while higher levels of agreeableness and lower levels of neuroticism lower the risk of developing ___________.

A

higher frailty & dementia

118
Q

Higher levels of openness and lower levels of agreeableness are associated with more frequent _________ and lower ___________ in older adults

A

sexual activity & sexual dysfunction

119
Q

Higher levels of openness and lower levels of agreeableness are associated with more frequent _________ and lower ___________ in older adults

A

sexual activity & sexual dysfunction

120
Q

More severe depression in older adults is associated with higher _____ and lower ________ and __________.

A

neuroticism & extraversion & conscientiousness

121
Q

Higher levels of conscientiousness, openness, agreeableness, and extraversion are linked to ____________, while neuroticism is associated with ______________.

A

positive emotions & negative emotions

122
Q

(emotion) and outlook on life are linked to mortality in older adults.

A

Affect

123
Q

(emotion) and outlook on life are linked to mortality in older adults.

A

Affect

124
Q

is linked to lower depression and obesity in adults.

A

High self-control

125
Q

the view that our aging society is being unfair to its younger members because older adults pile up advantages by receiving inequitably large allocations of resources.

A

Generational Inequity

126
Q

the view that our aging society is being unfair to its younger members because older adults pile up advantages by receiving inequitably large allocations of resources.

A

Generational Inequity

127
Q

Low _______ is linked to increased risk of earlier death in older adults

A

SES

128
Q

physical and emotional caretaking for older members of the family, whether by giving day-to-day physical assistance or by being responsible for overseeing such care

A

Eldercare

129
Q

physical and emotional caretaking for older members of the family, whether by giving day-to-day physical assistance or by being responsible for overseeing such care

A

Eldercare

130
Q

woman whose spouse has died and who has not remarried.

A

Widow

131
Q

it can be defined as a social and legal union between two individuals, often involving emotional, economic, and physical intimacy, with the intention of committing to a long-term partnership.

A

Marriage

132
Q

are linked to a number of positive outcomes for older adults.

A

Positive marital relationships

133
Q

was more strongly linked to an important biomarker of cellular aging, telomere length

A

Spousal support

134
Q

helped to insulate older adults’ happiness from the effects of daily fluctuations in perceived health

A

Marital satisfaction

135
Q

live together and have a sexual relationship without being married.

A

Cohabiting

136
Q

live together and have a sexual relationship without being married.

A

Cohabiting

137
Q

linked to greater psychological and physical well-being in late adulthood.

A

Attachment Security

138
Q

linked to greater psychological and physical well-being in late adulthood.

A

Attachment Security

139
Q

associated with negative caregiver burden in caring for patients with Alzheimer’s disease

A

Insecure Attachment

140
Q

decreases in middle-aged and older adults, while attachment avoidance decreases linearly across the lifespan.

A

Attachment Anxiety -

141
Q

Men have higher rates of _____________ than women throughout the lifespan.

A

attachment avoidance

142
Q

Relationships between aging parents and their children are usually characterized by _________

A

ambivalence

143
Q

was likely to be present when relationships involved in-laws, those in poor health, and adult children with poor parental relationships in early life.

A

Ambivalence

144
Q

refer to social groups that an individual is a part of, with family typically consisting of blood or legal ties, while peers are individuals of similar age or status who may share common interests or experiences

A

Family and Peers

145
Q

it describes how individuals have a personal network from which they give and receive social support.

A

Convoy Model of Social Relations -

146
Q

is important for the mental health of older adults

A

Social integration

147
Q

It is linked to physical health, mental health, life satisfaction, and reduced mortality in older adults.

A

SOCIAL SUPPORT

148
Q

it refers to the social and environmental context in which individuals age and how it affects their physical and mental health

A

Community and Culture

149
Q

Women may face a triple jeopardy of
__________, __________, & ________.

A

ageism, sexism, and racism

150
Q

Three factors for a good old age:

A

(1) health
(2) security
(3) kinship/support

151
Q

characterized by a modest decline in psychological functioning after midlife (most common).

A

Normal Aging

152
Q

it involves greater than average decline, such as mild cognitive impairment or chronic disease

A

Pathological Aging

153
Q

it is maintained longer and declines later than for most people.

A

Successful Aging

154
Q

Successful aging involves :

A

proper diet
active lifestyle
mental stimulation
good social relationships and support
absence of disease
positive coping skills

155
Q

Successful aging involves :

A

proper diet
active lifestyle
mental stimulation
good social relationships and support
absence of disease
positive coping skills

Developmental Psychology (4 decks)

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