Adolescence Flashcards
A transitional period in the human life span, linking childhood and adulthood.
Adolescence
What factors influence adolescent development?
- Genetic/Biological Factors
- Environmental/Social Factors
A view that adolescence is a turbulent time charged with conflict and mood swings.
Storm-and-stress
What percentage of adolescents displayed a healthy image?
At least 73% of the adolescents.
What influences public attitudes about adolescence?
A combination of personal experience and media portrayals.
The course of action designed by the national government to influence the welfare of its citizens.
Social Policy
They can serve as role models, confidants, advocates, and resources.
Caring adults
A brain-neuroendocrine process occurring primarily in early adolescence that provides stimulation for rapid physical changes.
Puberty
What are the typical male pubertal characteristics in order of development?
- Increase in penis and testicle size
- Appearance of straight pubic hair
- Minor voice change
- First ejaculation
- Appearance of kinky pubic hair
- Onset of maximum growth in height and weight
- Growth of hair in armpits
- More detectable voice changes
- Growth of facial hair
What are the typical female pubertal characteristics in order of development?
- Either the breasts enlarge or pubic hair appears.
- Hair appears in the armpits
- Grows in height
- Hips become wider than the shoulder
- First menstruation (Menarche)
- Female’s breasts have become more fully rounded
• peak of the growth spurt during puberty occurs two years earlier for girls (11½) than for boys (13½).
• during early adolescence, girls tend to outweigh boys, but by about age 14 boys begin to surpass girls.
Pubertal growth spurt
_________ are powerful chemical substances secreted by the endocrine glands and carried through the body by the bloodstream.
Hormones
A hormone associated in boys with genital development, increased height, and deepening of the voice.
Testosterone
A type of estrogen associated in girls with breast, uterine, and skeletal development.
Estradiol
dominates in male pubertal development
Testosterone
in female pubertal development
Estradiol
Experiences that are linked to earlier pubertal onset include nutrition, an urban environment, low socioeconomic status, adoption, father absence, family conflict, maternal harshness, child maltreatment, and early substance use.
Timing and variations in puberty
Adolescents are preoccupied with their bodies and develop images of what their bodies are like.
Gender differences characterize adolescents’ perceptions of their bodies.
Body image
Adolescents who mature earlier or later than their peers perceive themselves differently. Early and late maturation have been linked with body image.
Early and late maturation
→ This identity development may have occurred because the late-maturing boys had more time to explore life’s options, or because the early-maturing boys continued to focus on their advantageous physical status instead of on career development and achievement.
→ In the early high school years, late-maturing boys had a more negative body image than early-maturing boys.
→ In sum, early maturation often has more
favorable outcomes in adolescence for boys, especially in early adolescence.
→ However, late maturation may be more favorable for boys, especially in terms of identity and career development.
Early and late maturation in boys
→ They are more likely to smoke, drink, be
depressed, have an eating disorder, engage in delinquency, struggle for earlier independence from their parents, and have older friends.
→ Their bodies are likely to elicit responses from males that lead to earlier dating and earlier sexual experiences.
→ Onset of menarche before 11 years of age was linked to a higher incidence of distress disorders, fear disorders, and externalizing disorders in females.
→ Early maturation predicted a stable higher level
of depression for adolescent girls.
→ Early-maturing girls had higher rates of
depression and antisocial behavior as middle-aged adults, mainly because their difficulties began in adolescence and did not lessen over time.
→ Early-maturing girls tend to have sexual
intercourse earlier and to have more unstable sexual relationships, and they are more at risk for physical and verbal abuse in dating.
→ Early-maturing girls are less likely to graduate from high school and tend to cohabit and marry earlier.
Early and late maturation in girls
where fibers connect the brain’s left and right hemispheres, thickens in adolescence, and this improves adolescents’ ability to process information.
Corpus Callosum
the highest level of the frontal lobes involved in reasoning, decision making, and self-control.
→ However, the prefrontal cortex doesn’t finish maturing until the emerging adult years, approximately 18 to 25 years of age, or later.
Prefrontal cortex
which is the seat of emotions and where rewards are experienced, matures much earlier than the prefrontal cortex and is almost completely developed in early adolescence.
Limbic system
limbic system structure that is especially involved in emotion.
Amygdala
The increased connectedness (referred to as __________) is especially prevalent across more distant brain regions.
Brain networks
-in which connections between development, the brain, and cognitive or socioemotional processes are studied.
Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience & Developmental Social Neuroscience
is a time of sexual exploration and experimentation, of sexual fantasies and realities, of incorporating sexuality into one’s identity.
Adolescence
Sexual arousal emerges as a new phenomenon in adolescence and it is important to view sexuality as a normal aspect of adolescent development.
Developing sexual identity
A number of leading medical organizations and experts have recommended that adolescents use long-acting reversible contraception (LARC).
Contraceptive use
______ consists of the use of intrauterine devices (IUDs) and contraceptive implants, which have a much lower failure rate and are more effective in preventing unwanted pregnancy than birth control pills and condoms.
LARC
Some forms of contraception, such as birth control pills or implants, do not protect against sexually transmitted infections, or STIs.
Sexual transmitted infections
_______ are contracted primarily through sexual contact, including oral-genital and anal-genital contact.
STIs
The three leading causes of death in adolescence are:
(1) unintentional injuries
(2) homicide
(3) suicide.
it is an eating disorder that involves the relentless pursuit of thinness through starvation. It is a serious disorder that can lead to death.
Anorexia Nervosa
- it is an eating disorder in which the individual consistently follows a binge-and-purge pattern.
Bulimia Nervosa
→ thought is more abstract than concrete operational thought.
→ Adolescents are no longer limited to actual,
concrete experiences as anchors for thought.
→ They can conjure up make-believe situations, abstract propositions, and events that are purely hypothetical, and can try to reason logically about them.
Formal Operational Stage
- it involves creating a hypothesis and deducing its implications, steps that provide ways to test the hypothesis.
Hypothetical-Deductive Reasoning
- it is the heightened self-consciousness of adolescents.
Adolescent Egocentrism
- it is reflected in adolescents’ belief that others are as interested in them as they themselves are, as well as attention-getting behavior-attempts to be noticed, visible, and “on stage.”
Imaginary Audience
- it is the part of adolescent egocentrism involving a sense of uniqueness and invincibility (or invulnerability).
Personal fable
- it involves effective control in a number of areas, including controlling attention, reducing interfering thoughts, and being cognitively flexible.
Cognitive control
- it involves being aware that options and alternatives are available and adapting to the situation.
Cognitive Flexibility
Having confidence in their ability to adapt their thinking to a particular situation, an aspect of _________
Self-efficacy
- it states that decision making is influenced by two cognitive systems-“verbatim” analytical (literal and precise) and gist-based intuitional (simple bottom-line meaning)— which operate in parallel.
Fuzzy-Trace Theory Dual-Process Model
- the circumstance of moving from the top position in elementary school to the lowest position in middle or junior high school.
Top-Dog Phenomenon
- it is a form of education that promotes social responsibility and service to the community.
Service-learning
- overall way we evaluate ourselves.
- reflects perceptions that do not always match reality.
Self-esteem
refers to a self-centered and self-concerned approach toward others. Typically, _____ are unaware of their actual self and how others perceive them.
Narcissism
- is a self-portrait that is composed of many pieces and domains
Identity
- career that a person wants to follow
Vocational/Career Identity
- the person is conservative, liberal, or middle-of-the-road.
Political Identity
person spiritual beliefs
Religious identity
person is heterosexual, homosexual, bisexual, or transgendered.
Relationship identity
person is motivated to achieve and is intellectually oriented.
Achievement, intellectual identity
person is heterosexual, homosexual, bisexual, or transgendered.
Sexual identity
person is from and how intensely the person identifies with his or her cultural heritage.
Cultural/ethnic identity
person likes to do, which can include sports, music, hobbies
Interest
being introverted or extroverted.
Personality
individual’s body image.
Physical identity
According to Erik Erikson’s fifth developmental stage, which individuals experience during adolescence ______________
identity versus identity confusion
The search for an identity during adolescence is aided by a _____________
psychosocial moratorium
it is defined as a period of identity development during which the individual is exploring alternatives.
Most researchers use the term exploration rather than crisis.
Crisis
Commitment it is personal investment in identity. The four statuses of identity are described below:
Identity Diffusion
Identity foreclosure
Identity Moratorium
Identity Achievement
Identity developments is influenced by culture and ethnicity.
Cultural and ethnic identity
it is an enduring aspect of the self that includes a sense of membership in an ethnic group, along with the attitudes and feelings related to that membership.
Ethnic Identity
it is the status of individuals who have not yet experienced a crisis or made any commitments.
Identity diffusion
it is the status of individuals who have made a commitment but not experienced a crisis.
→ This occurs most often when parents hand down commitments to their adolescents, usually in an authoritarian way, before adolescents have had a chance to explore different approaches, ideologies, and vocations on their own
Identity foreclosure
it is the status of individuals who are in the midst of a crisis but whose commitments are either absent or are only vaguely defined
Identity moratorium
it is the status of individuals who have undergone a crisis and made a commitment.
Identity achievement
suggested that as adolescents mature, they detach themselves from parents and move into a world of autonomy apart from parents.
Old model of parent-adolescent relationships
it emphasizes that parents serve as important attachment figures and support systems while adolescents explore a wider, more complex social world.
New model parent-adolescent relationship
small group of about five or six individuals that may form among adolescents who engage in similar activities.
Clique
a larger group structure than a clique that is usually based on reputation; members may or may not spend much time together.
Crowd
At this point in adolescence, two types of
romantic involvement occur:
Casual dating
Dating in groups
it emerges between individuals who are mutually attracted.
→ These dating experiences are often short-lived, lasting a few months at best, and usually endure for only a few weeks.
Casual dating
it is common and reflects embeddedness in the peer context.
→ Friends often act as third-party facilitators of a potential dating relationship
Dating in groups
