LAST TEST

Question 1

Victimless crime

Answer 1

sociologists use this term to describe the willing exchange between adults of there widely desired but illegal goods and services

Question 2

Organized crime

Answer 2

A group with a hierarchical power structure, division of labor, and who’s souls focus is on illegal activities like trafficking or prostitution.

Question 3

Transitional crime

Answer 3

A crime that happens across various boarders

Question 4

Anomie

Answer 4

in the simplest terms is a lack of social or ethical norms in an individual or group

Question 5

anomie theory of deviance

Answer 5

anomie theory of deviance is a social condition where people’s norms and values no longer fuse with those of society

Question 6

Cultural transmissions

Answer 6

A school of criminology that believes that that social interactions are the cause the criminal behavior

Question 7

Differential association

Answer 7

through social interaction individuals learn the values, attitudes, techniques, and motives of a criminal behavior.

Question 8

Social disorganization theory

Answer 8

ecological differences between crime based on structural and cultural factors shaping the social order across communities.

Question 9

Labeling theory

Answer 9

labeling theory is the view of deviance according to which being labeled as a “deviant” leads a person to engage in deviant behavior

Question 10

Societal reaction approach

Answer 10

Another name for labeling theory

Question 11

What is the difference between prejudice and discrimination give examples:

Answer 11

. Prejudice definition:
A negative attitude toward an entire category of people often an ethnic or racial minority

Example : if you have a sloppy roommate and you judge them base them souly on there sloppiness you’re not prejudice but if you base her sloppiness off of of stereotypes there such as race , ethnicity religion. Then you’re prejudice

Discrimination definition : depriving opportunities and / equal rights to groups and individuals because of prejudice

Examples:
A white manager can has two people an overly qualified POC and an inferior white person if he hires the white person and refuses to hire the person of color he evoking discrimination

Question 12

. Glass cieling definition and how does efffect women and minority men ? :

Answer 12

Definition: an invisible barrier that prevents the promotion of a qualified person because of his race gender and ethnicity

How does it affect man and woman of color ? :

Because many middle and upper class white male managers fear that including men and women of color somehow pose as a threat to there own advancement

Question 13

Three types of discrimination list them and define them :

Answer 13

Descriminatory behavior : A white manager can has two people an overly qualified POC and an inferior white person if he hires the white person and refuses to hire the person of color he evoking discrimination

The glass cieling : Definition: an invisible barrier that prevents the promotion of a qualified person because of his race gender and ethnicity

Racial profiling : any police action initiated based on race ethnicity / nationality rather than on the individuals behavior is racial profiling

Question 14

Define the social construction of race :

Answer 14

Each society defines which differences are important all while ignoring the other characteristics that could be useful for social differentiation

Question 15

Define racial formation :

Answer 15

A socio historical process where racial categories are created transformed and destroyed

Question 16

Stereotypes

Answer 16

Unreliable generalizations about all members of a group without looking at the differences the group

Question 17

What is a minority group ?

Answer 17

A marginalized group who has less control or power over their own lives compared to the members of the dominant group

Question 18

What is an ethnic group ?

Answer 18

Group that is set part from others mainly because of there national origin or distinctive cultural patterns

Question 19

What is a racial group:

Answer 19

A group that is set apart because of there physical differences that have been seen as socially significant

Question 20

Patterns of minority dominant group relations :

Answer 20

Genocide : deliberate systematic killing of entire people or nation

Assimilation:process where a person abandons there own cultural to become part of a different culture

Amalgamation: two different cultures blend together and a new culture originates.

Pluralism:
a. A condition in which numerous distinct ethnic, religious, or cultural groups are present and tolerated within a society.

Question 21

Theoretical perspective on Race and ethnicity : what are all theories linked to
P.(138)

Answer 21

Fuctionalist : dominant majority benefits from the marginalization of minority groups
•linked to amalgamation, assimilation and segregation

Conflict theorist : dominant majority has invested interest in maintaining position of power
• preserving inequality through economic exploitation
• linked to assimilation expulsion segregation pluralism and contact hypothesis

Féministe :gender race and class divide
• multiple bases of inequality
• linked to segregation

Interactionist : labeling happens through stereotypes and profiling but diverse contact may promote understanding
•linked to assimilation expulsion segregation pluralism contact hypothesis

Question 22

Define racialization :

Answer 22

racialization is the process of assigning ethnic or racial identities to a social practice, or group that did not identify itself as such.

Question 23

Define contact hypothesis

Answer 23

The contact hypothesis says that bringing members from different groups together will reduce prejudice. The idea is that exposure to others of different groups will reduce your prejudice for those groups.

Question 24

Definition of deviance

Dysfunctions and functions of deviance

Answer 24

Definition: an action or behavior that violates social norms
Deviance is any kind of behavior that veers away from social norms and what is taught.

Function: Deviance serves to identify problems in the social system
•outlet for frustration
•Deviance is necessary so that the limits of permissible behaviour are clarified

Dysfunction:

• to much deviance leads to confusion over norms and values, leaving people unsure of what the expected behaviour is and what is right and wrong
• Deviance violates the trust on which social relationships are built

Question 25

Social control definition :

Informal and formal :

Sanctions : positive and negative

Internalization of Norms:

Answer 25

Definition : an organized action intended to change people’s behaviour

formal control:

administrative sanctions such as fines, expulsion or imprisonment

informal control:

self control done because of fears of what others will think

Sanctions :
Positive : sanctions are rewards given for conforming to norms. A promotion at work is a positive sanction for working hard.

Negative : punishments for violating norms. Being arrested is a punishment for shoplifting. Both types of sanctions play a role in social contro

Internalization of Norms :

Folkways :
are kind of like traditions and customs that are important to us but it’s not that serious if we don’t follow them.

Mores : are more serious than folkways and include beliefs like don’t steal or kill. You can be shunned by society for violating these norms.

Laws :are when society decides that the norms should be rules that are enforced by institutions like the police.

Question 26

Theories of deviance:

Control theory :

anomie theory of deviance :

Social disorganization theory :

Labeling theory:

Differential association :

Rational choice theory :

Strain theory :

Primary and secondary deviance:

Answer 26

2 way to react to strain : by ritualism.

Control theory :

A person is not born a criminal, but becomes one over time, often based on factors in his or her social environment.

anomie theory of deviance :

is a social condition where people’s norms and values no longer fuse with those of society

Labeling theory:

labeling theory is the view of deviance according to which being labeled as a “deviant” leads a person to engage in deviant behavior

Social disorganization theory :

ecological differences between crime based on structural and cultural factors shaping the social order across communities.

Differential association :
through social interaction individuals learn the values, attitudes, techniques, and motives of a criminal behavior.

Rational choice theory:

people make rational choices based on their goals, and those choices will shape their behavior.

Strain theory:

when society doesn’t provide everyone with the means for success this will result to “ strain” 
# 1 way to react to strain : by conforming.

• This means that the person accepts both the goals and the means of society and just plods along doing what they’re supposed to get ahead. *

• Here the person gives up on the goals of society, accepting that he/she will never obtain them, but continues on with the means. *

Primary deviance:

Primary deviance refers to the initial act of deviance.
Example: stealing for the first time but admitting to your fault and never doing it again

Secondary deviance : is when it’s a long lasting behavior in which you become known for it

Question 27

The goals of punishment:

Retribution :

Deterrence : specific and general

Rehabilitation:

Incapacitation :

Answer 27

Specific deterrence : prevents crime by frightening an individual defendant with punishment.

General deterrence : prevents crime by frightening the public with the punishment of an individual defendant.

Incapacitation :
prevents crime by removing a defendant from society.
•Examples : of incapacitation are incarceration, house arrest, or execution pursuant to the death penalty.

Rehabilitation :
prevents crime by altering a defendant’s behavior.
•Examples : of rehabilitation include educational and vocational programs, treatment center placement, and counseling.

Retribution : prevents crime by giving victims or society a feeling of avengement.
• Example : in the form of assault, battery, and criminal homicide

Restitution : prevents crime by punishing the defendant financially.
•Examples : it can be for physical injuries, loss of property or money, and rarely, emotional distress.