Last Test Flashcards
By which year does WHO predict that depression will be the leading cause of premature mortality and disability?
2030
How much of the population will experience depression at some point in their lives?
approximately 13-17%
Which gender is more likely to suffer from depression?
Women (twice as likely)
Major depressive disorder is also called:
Mood disorder
What was previously thought to be an apparent cause of depression?
Bereavement
Anhedonia
loss of interest in normally pleasurable activities.
Which gender is more likely to turn to substances when they are depressed?
Males
Mild depression can also be termed:
dysthymic disorder
Depression is the most common psychiatric condition of people with which disease?
Parkinson’s
Which monoamine is depleted in Parkinson’s patients?
Dopamine
What are the two main theories of depression?
- The Monoamine Theory of Depression
2. The Glucocorticoid Theory of Depression
Mood is related to the funtioning of which monoamines?
NE, DA, and 5-HT
Which system is involved with the Monoamine Theory of Depression?
The mesocorticolimbic system
What does the Monoamine Theory of Depression suggest?
that depression was a result of reduced levels of activity in these monoamine systems.
Why may it be wrong?
The effect of antidepressants should be immediate on the monoamine receptors, but they take up to 12 weeks to reach full effectiveness.
Treatments that have been shown to be effective in relieving depression ultimately increase transmission at which synapses?
Serotonin synapses.
NE fibres come from:
the locus coeruleus in the midbrain.
Serotonergic fibres come from:
areas of the raphe system.
Dopaminergic fibres come from:
Ventral tegmental area
The monoamine neurotransmitters send projections to various parts of the limbic system and the forebrain through:
the medial forebrain bundle
SPECT imaging data indicate that depressed individuals exhibit decreased numbers of:
5-HT reuptake transporter proteins in the brainstem.
5-HT1A receptors are mostly:
autoreceptors located on the presynaptic neuron
Stimulation of 5-HT1A receptors causes:
inhibition of cell firing and reduction of 5-HT activity.
Changes in the sensitivity or number of the 5-HT1A receptors could:
make the individual more vulnerable to depression.
Individuals diagnosed with major depressive disorder have:
low cerebrospinal-fluid levels of 5-HT, it’s amino acid precurson tryptophan, and its major metabolite 5-H1AA.
Below-normal levels of 5-H1AA could result in
a nearly fivefold increase in suicide risk.
5-HT1A receptors can:
change their binding potential.
antidepressants significantly reduce the amount of:
5-HT transporter protein mRNA in the raphe nuclei.
In stress response, the hypothalamus’ neurons secrete:
corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
the release of CRH initiates the release of:
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) from the anterior pituitary
the ACTH stimulates the secretion of:
glucocorticoids (cortisol in humans) from the cortex of the adrenal glands, which sit above the kidneys.
Point of the Glucocorticoid Theory of Depression:
Once a stressful experience ends, the HPA-axis response must be terminated. So, over-activity of the HPA-axis, indicated by high levels of CRH and cortisol, is a frequent finding in patients with major depressive disorder and in suicide victims.
What are the first-generation antidepressants?
monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) -1950s tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) -1950s
What was wrong with MAOIs?
Could cause liver damage at high doses
What was the first MAOI?
iproniazid- first used in the treatment of TB
What was the first TCA?
imipramine -discovered accidentally during research on antipsychotics.
What are the second-generation antidepressants?
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors(SSRIs)
What was the first SSRI?
fluoxetine (Prozac)
Why were second gen. better?
They appeared safer with fewer side effects and could be used to treat a variety of psychiatric conditions, such as anxiety.
What are the third-generation antidepressants?
Atypicals.
serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs)
Why are 3rd gen. better?
They don’t alter the functioning of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors and therefore don’t produce some of the side effects associated with older antidepressants.
Who discovered Cannabis sativa?
Carolus Linnaeus 1753
Who classified Cannabis indica?
Jean-Baptiste Lamarck 1785
What are the three species of cannabis?
Cannabis sativa, cannabis indica, and cannabis rude ralis
What is the origin of the word cannabis?
Scythian
How long has cannabis been known to China?
6000 years. The Chinese word for hemp “ma”, has been used for at least 3000
What is the word for cannabis in Africa?
bangi or dagga
W.B. O’Shaughnessy
1839- he reported that hemp was an effective anticonvulsant and an appetite stimulant.
Sir Walter Raleigh
he was ordered to grow hemp in his Virginia colony
a crop was grown alongside tobacco in 1611
When id marijuana start to attract attention universally?
1920s
Marijuana Tax Act
1937-imposed prohibitive taxes on possession and use, effectively eliminating the legitimate medical use of marijuana and driving recreational users underground.
Controlled Substances Act
1970- ignored the previous century of accumulating medical evidence and declared that marijuana had no potential use but had the potential for abuse.
When did marijuana reach its peak?
1970s
What is the primary active ingredient in cannabis?
delta-9-hydrocannibinol
What chemical class do cannabinoids belong to?
terpenophenolics, of which 85 have been identified in cannabis.
Which cannabinoid may have anxiolytic and/or antipsychotic properties?
CBD (cannabidiol)
Is THC a base or an acid?
a weak acid
What is the pKa of THC
10.6
Are cannabinoids lipid soluble or not?
They are extremely lipid soluble.
When do the peak effects of oral administration of THC occur?
1-3 hours following ingestion and may last 5 hours or longer.
When do blood levels of THC peak?
within 15 minutes.
When do the effects of THC peak?
after 30-60 minutes
What is delta-9-THC converted to in the liver?
11-hydroxy-delta-9-THC
believed to be more active than delta-9-THC
When was a receptor for cannabinoids identified?
1990
Where is the CB1 receptor located?
primarily in the CNS
Where is the CB2 receptor located?
Mainly outside of the nervous system
Where are CB1 cannabinoid receptors concentrated?
cortex, hippocampus, cerebellum, and substantia nigra, but also occur in the hypothalamus, brainstem, and spinal cord.
Where are the CB2 receptors concentrated?
in the spleen and immune system.
Gene CNRI is located where?
chromosome 6
Who discovered the first endocannabinoid?
William Devane and Raphael Mechoulam
What was the first endocannabinoid called?
anandamide
What is the second endocannabinoid called?
2-AG
DSE
depolarization-induced suppression of excitation
DSI
depolarization-induced suppression of inhibition
DSI and DSE operate on neurons that use many different neurotransmitters, such as:
NE, DA, 5-HT, ACh, histamine, opioid peptides, GABA, and prostaglandins
Where are cannabinoid receptors found?
in the nucleus accumbens
also in the cerebellum and basal ganglia, other parts of the extrapyrimidal motor system, and the hippocampus.
THC increases DA activity in which system?
the mesolimbic dopamine reward system.
How long do the physiological effects of marijuana last?
2-3 hours
antiemetic
a drug that stops nausea and vomiting.
Cannabis disrupts the ability to:
recall words or narrative material.
temporal disintegration
loss of ability to retain and coordinate information for a purpose.
gaze nystagmus
involuntary eye movements as someone sights a moving object.
THC has a ______ effect on spontaneous motor activity.
biphasic.
ataxia
decrease in motion
Cannabinoid discrimination can be blocked by the cannabinoid receptor antagonist:
SR-414716A
Withdrawal symptoms of marijuana:
appetite changes, restlessness, and thoughts of and cravings for cannabis.
The average daily user of cannabis in the USA consumes how much THC per day?
50g
Amotivational syndrome
apathy, loss of effectiveness, and a diminished capacity or willingness to carry out complex long-term plans, endure frustration, concentrate for long periods, follow routines, or successfully master new material.
