last section

Question 1

properties of transition metals

Answer 1

• hard
• high melting points
• solids
• conduct heat and electricity
• variety of oxidation states
• readily lose electrons to form stable cations

Question 2

properties of transition metals: d-orbitals

Answer 2

there are five d-orbitals: each can contain up to 2 electrons
(10 members of each transition series)

Question 3

how many different d orbitals are there

Answer 3

5 orbitals of equivalent energy
- four look like clovers
the dz² orbital is a combination of lobes and doughnuts

Question 4

Hund’s Rule

Answer 4

electrons fill empty orbitals before pairing

Question 5

ions in the lighter d-block elements …

Answer 5

form colorful hydrated ions that are stable in water

Question 6

ions in period 5 and 6 …

Answer 6

are unstable, react readily with oxygen from the air

Question 7

what elements are part of the “platinum metals”

Answer 7

ruthenium, osmium, iridium, palladium, platinum

Question 8

what is the significance of the platinum metals

Answer 8

with difficulty they form simple cations that are stable in water
they not not form stable oxyanions

Question 9

when in bonding in simple metals with transition metals ionic

Answer 9

in lower oxidation states

Question 10

when is the bonding in simple metals with transition metals covalent

Answer 10

in higher oxidation states

Question 11

on heating oxygen reacts with all of the transition elements except

Answer 11

palladium
platinum
silver
gold

Question 12

anhydrous halides

Answer 12

of each of the transition elements can be prepared by the direct reaction of the metal with halogens

Question 13

in general what does fluorine usually form halides with

Answer 13

transition elements in the highest possible oxidation state

Question 14

what is the general approach to synthesis aq. solutions of halides of 1st transition series

Answer 14

reaction of salts with hydrohalic acids

Question 15

most of the halide series also dissolve in acidic solutions to give

Answer 15

halide salt and hydrogen gas
Mn(s) + 2HCl(aq) ⟶ MnCl2(aq) + H2(g)↑

Question 16

what does the polarity of M-X bonds with transition metals depend on

Answer 16

electronegativities of the elements and oxidation state of the metal

Question 17

what forms when a soluble hydroxide is added to an aqueous solution of transition metals ions

Answer 17

gelatinous precipitate

Question 18

how can insoluble carbonates be formed

Answer 18

adding a soluble carbonate salt to a solution of transition metal salt

Question 19

carbonates react with acids to form

Answer 19

metal salts

Question 20

carbonates decompose on heating to form

Answer 20

transition metal oxides

Question 21

coordination sphere

Answer 21

the central metal ion or atom plus its attached ligands

Question 22

coordination number of the central metal

Answer 22

the number of donor atoms bonded to it

Question 23

inner sphere and outer sphere complexes

Answer 23

Inner sphere complexes are electrically neutral without need for external counterions

Outer sphere complexes require counterions which exist outside of the coordination sphere of the central metal ion

Question 24

what are the different ways that a ligand can be classified

Answer 24

• charged or neutral ligands
• denticity (number of Lewis basic atoms)
• hard or soft bases

Question 25

common neutral ligands include:

Answer 25

water
ethylenediamine
tetrahydrofuran
ammonia

Question 26

common anionic ligands include

Answer 26

cyanide
hydride and halides
perchlorate
nitrate
hydroxide

Question 27

monodentate denticity

Answer 27

ligands that connect with the central metal through one atom

Question 28

what are polydentate ligands

Answer 28

molecules that contain more then one Lewis base atom and coordinate to the central metal in more complex fashions

Question 29

lanthanides

Answer 29

silvery metals, inaccuratelt called, rare earth metals despite being more abundant in the earth’s crust than eg, lead

Question 30

actinides

Answer 30

all radioactive
have similar chemical and physical properties

Question 31

applications of lanthanides

Answer 31

• security
• displays, televisions, smartscreens
• fibre optics and telecomunications
• lighting, LEDs, lasers

Question 32

coordination sphere

Answer 32

transition metals form bonds with multiple ligands to form a coordination sphere

Question 33

coordination spheres can consist of different numbers and geometeries of ligands depending on

Answer 33

the metal ion and the size/shape of the ligands

Question 34

coordination number

Answer 34

the number of M-L bonds around a metal

Question 35

ligand-ligand repulsion

Answer 35

limits the number of bonds made, as in general metal ions try to make bonds with as many ligands as possible

Question 36

for transition metal complexes what is the main contributor to determining the geometry around the central metal

Answer 36

coordination number

Question 37

what is the coordination number of a linear molecule

Answer 37

2

Question 38

what is the coordination number of a trigonal planar molecule

Answer 38

3

Question 39

coordination number three

Answer 39

rare coordination number
usually due to bulky ligands causing steric hindrance around the metal centre
- 120 degree angles

Question 40

coordination number of four

Answer 40

there are two major options available:
- tetrahedral
- square planar

Question 41

tetrahedral

Answer 41

• very common for d0 and d10 transition metals

Question 42

square planar

Answer 42

fairly uncommon and found only in d8 metal ions
- 90 degree angles

Question 43

Which is the name of [Cr(H2O)4Cl2]Cl

Answer 43

Tetraaquadichlorochromium(III) chloride

Question 44

According to crystal field theory, which of the d orbitals are lowered in energy
(relative to a spherical field) in a tetrahedral ligand field, Td?

Answer 44

dz²

Question 45

What is the coordination geometry of [Ag(NH3)2]+

Answer 45

octahedral