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BIOL 103 module 2 and 3 > last part coursecram > Flashcards

last part coursecram Flashcards

1
Q

what are the cost/benefits of sex?

A

benefits
* genetic variation
* share investment into gametes

cost
* need to find a mate
* gametes are “expesive”
* only 50% related to offspring

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2
Q

why would sex reduce the accumulation of mutations?

A
  • most mutations are negtaive
  • an asexual reproducing species has no way to escape the accumulation of mutations
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3
Q

describe the reproduction tendencies of daphina.

A
  • no stress: reproduce asexually
  • stress: reproduce sexually
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4
Q

what is sexual dimorphism?

A

differences in forms between the sexes

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5
Q

what is the difference between intrasexual and intersexual?

A
  • intra: competition within same sex
  • inter: females pick the most advantageous traits
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6
Q

What is the case study of the stalk eyed flies?

A
  • shorter stalk will give up to longer stalk
  • benefit to invest in ornaments
  • short stalk produce less offspring
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7
Q

what is mate choice driven by?

A
  • direct benefits: potential mate increases the survival or reproductive success of partner (ex. food)
  • indirect benefits: advantages like better territory or promise of parental car, mate choice is harder therefore more competition
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8
Q

What is the case study of the Grey Tree Frogs? Explain it in terms of mating calls.

A
  • more complex calls means that the female assumes better genes in the male, due to increased risk so increased reward
  • the longer theh calls in males are associated eith increased larval variability, and faster develop.
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9
Q

how do sneaker males work?

A

can mate with females because they resemble females so they are not percieved as a threat

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10
Q

what are sneaker males subject to?

A

frequency dependent selection

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11
Q

what did tinbergen study?

A
  • how much of behaviour is heritable
  • believed animals were more than breeding machines
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12
Q

What did the example of the sticklebacks demonstrate?

A
  • fixed action patterns
  • when it saw red, made combative
  • showed heritability
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13
Q

what is the stimulus for migrations?

A
  • simple response to cues
  • the cold
  • changing angle of sun/daylight
  • reduced resources
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14
Q

what does social interactions require?

A

communication

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15
Q

what are the types of communication?

A

physical, chemical disrupting

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16
Q

what are the intraspecies communicatin?

A

physical and chemical communication

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17
Q

what is the communication type of fruit fly mating?

A
  • physical communication
  • fixed action pattern
  • tapping, signing, etc
  • complex sequence of behaviours that are heritable
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18
Q

what type of communication is the gypsy moth?

A
  • chemical
  • females release pheromones
  • detected by males
  • short range communuication
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19
Q

what is disrupting communication?

A
  • turbidity: disruption of visual communication due to cloudiness of water, increases hybrid cline, cichlid fish
  • noise pollution: red winged blackbirds, increased frequency of their territoral song in order to compete with anthropogenic noise
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20
Q

what are the types of social interactions?

A
  • altruism: one sacrifies fitness for the other
  • co-operation: fitness benefit to both
  • selfishness: one party benefits at the expense of the other
  • spit: fitness losses to both parties (males fight to the death)
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21
Q

how can we understand altruism?

A
  • inclusive fitness: total fitness of an individual is related to individual fitness and fitness of relatives
  • hamilton’s rule: a trait is favored by natural selection if the benefit to others, B, multiplied by relatedness, R, exceeds the cost to self, C
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22
Q

what is the case study of the ground squirrels?

A
  • alarm calling in prairie dogs
  • example of kin selection
  • usually female callers since females are most related to offspring
  • males tend to leave the group to prevent in breeding
23
Q

what is the case study of the hymenopterans?

A
  • queen does all the reproducing, females act as works
  • boys: develop from unfertalized eggs (haploid) and are clones
  • Queen: diploid
  • all female works are more related to each other than any of the offspring they would reproduce
  • females beenfit more from assisting in the survival of sister, instead of having babies
24
Q

what is the case study of the naked mole rat?

A

one female does the reproducing, but not just from relatedness but fear too

25
Q

when will non relatives share food for vampire bats?

A

only if there is a chance of recipriocity

26
Q

what are the types of dispersion?

A
  • clumped: requires sociality, patches, close to place of birth
  • even: often arises in competitve species, evenly distributred, competition
  • random: just is, uncommon
27
Q

what happens when there are unlimited resources the emmigration and immigration are equal?

A

population is exponential (J shaped)

28
Q

what happens when there is a carrying capacity, to the growth of the popoulation?

A

logistic growth model (S shaped).

29
Q

what are k selected species?

A
  • low reproduction rate
  • high survival for babies
30
Q

what is r selected species

A
  • favour reproduction
  • low survivorship
  • rarely approach k
31
Q

why does realized r decrease as N approaches K>

A
  • r (reproduction rate), N (pop), K (carrying)
  • resources become limiting
  • density dependent factors (limited resources)
  • denisty independt (birth/death)
  • often ends up at Q: equilibrium density
32
Q

what are the types of survivorship curves?

A
  • type one: high survivorship, fewer offspring, invest more in parental care, preg longer, assume higher survival
  • type two: birds, survivorship declines at constant rate
  • type three: very high mortality, have lots of offspring
33
Q

what is semel and interoparity?

A

semel: one per lifetime
intero: more than one per lifetime

34
Q

what is the wild carrot case study?

A
  • can be semel or itero
  • itero predominanted when adult survivorship is high
35
Q

what is the lynx and hare case study?

A
  • as hare pop expand, their predators grow too, which drives down the hare population with predators collapsing slightly out of phase
  • predation hypothesis: if there is prey, more babies will survive since more access to fod
36
Q

what is the difference between ecological and fundamental niches?

A

ecological: the total sum of biotic and abiotic resrouces that support a pop

fundamental: set of resources a population is theoretically capable of using under ideal conditions

37
Q

what is a realized niche?

A

takes into account reality, smaller

38
Q

what is competition?

A
  • resources are limiting
  • antagonostic relationship
  • interference: actual fighting, decreases fitness is the cost
  • exploitative: both species exploit same species: compromise
  • neg, neg
39
Q

what is the competitve exclusion principle?

A

if two species have very similar fundamental niches, they cannot co exist in the same habitat and eventually one will have to outcompete the other

40
Q

what is the case study of sticklebacks, in terms of competitve exclusion princile and character displacement?

A
  • diff morphologird evolved due to competition in overlapping niches
41
Q

what is predation/parasitism?

A
  • between species
  • pos/neg
  • can drive co evolution: change in one species drives changes in another (lynx and hare)
  • herbivory
42
Q

what is hebivory’s adaptation to predation

A
  • resistance: spikes, bad flavour
  • tolerance: accept it
43
Q

what is batesian mimicry?

A

non toxic species looks like a toxic one

44
Q

what is mullerian mimicry?

A

colour associated with toxicity

45
Q

what is commensalism?

A
  • pos/nothing
  • one benefits with affecting other
  • barnacles on whale
46
Q

what is mutalism

A
  • pos/pos
  • both beenefit
  • not all pollincation is this
47
Q

what is ammensalism?

A
  • neg/nothing
  • one no affect, one neg
48
Q

what is the shannon diversity index?

A

number of species in an area

49
Q

what does it mean when it is more diverse?

A

more resilient, invasive species can;t make a homeqqq

50
Q

what is a climax community?

A
  • stability/end point
  • not static, dynamic
  • biodiveristy allows ecosystem resilience
51
Q

what is primary succession?

A

transition in species composition that follows a disturbance, it bouncing back

52
Q

what is secondary succession?

A

area returns slowly to something it was

53
Q

what is a keystone species?

A
  • keep everything together
  • must be present for ecosystem to function
54
Q

descibe sea otters and urchins?

A
  • otters eat urchins
  • stops urchins from eating kelp
  • maintains healthy kelp forest

BIOL 103 module 2 and 3 (2 decks)

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