LAST MINUTE PAPER 2 Flashcards
What is produced during the light-dependent reaction of photosynthesis?
ATP + NADPH
Occurs in the thylakoid membranes
What is the main process in the light-independent reaction of photosynthesis?
CO₂ → GP → TP → Glucose
Also known as the Calvin cycle, occurs in the stroma
List the limiting factors of photosynthesis.
- Light
- CO₂
- Temperature
What are the products of glycolysis?
2 pyruvate + 2 ATP
Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm
What happens during the Link Reaction in cellular respiration?
Pyruvate → Acetyl CoA
Takes place in the mitochondrial matrix
What are the main outputs of the Krebs Cycle?
- NADH
- FADH₂
- ATP
- CO₂
What is the final electron acceptor in the Electron Transport Chain?
Oxygen
What type of respiration produces lactate in animals?
Anaerobic respiration
Define GPP and NPP in energy transfer.
- GPP: Total energy
- NPP: Available to consumers
What factors affect energy efficiency in ecosystems?
- Energy lost as heat
- Movement
- Undigested material
What is the function of a stimulus in the nervous system?
To trigger a response via a receptor
What is the resting potential of a neuron?
-70mV
What is the sequence of events in a reflex arc?
Stimulus → Receptor → Coordinator → Effector → Response
What do Pacinian corpuscles respond to?
Pressure
Differentiate between rods and cones in the retina.
- Rods: Black & white, sensitive, low acuity
- Cones: Colour, less sensitive, high acuity
What is the sliding filament theory?
Myosin heads pull actin using ATP
What are the types of muscle fibers?
- Slow-twitch (endurance)
- Fast-twitch (power)
What is the difference between genotype and phenotype?
Genotype: genetic makeup, Phenotype: expressed traits
What type of crosses are monohybrid and dihybrid?
- Monohybrid: 1 gene
- Dihybrid: 2 genes
What is codominance?
When two alleles are expressed equally, e.g., blood groups
What is the purpose of a chi-squared test?
To check if a difference is significant when comparing categories
What does the Hardy-Weinberg Equation represent?
p² + 2pq + q² = 1
What is the difference between allopatric and sympatric speciation?
- Allopatric: Geographic isolation
- Sympatric: Reproductive isolation
Define biotic and abiotic factors in ecosystems.
- Biotic: Living factors
- Abiotic: Non-living factors
What is the process of ecological succession?
Pioneer species → Climax community
What is the role of proto-oncogenes?
To promote normal cell growth; can become oncogenes if mutated
What is the function of tumor suppressor genes?
To stop cancer growth, e.g., p53
What are the types of stem cells based on potency?
- Totipotent: all cell types
- Pluripotent: most types
- Multipotent: some types
- Unipotent: one type
What do transcription factors do?
Control gene expression by activating/repressing genes
What is the effect of methylation in epigenetics?
Switches genes OFF
What is the effect of acetylation in epigenetics?
Switches genes ON
