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AQA A LEVEL BIOLOGY > LAST MINUTE PAPER 1 > Flashcards

LAST MINUTE PAPER 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two types of glucose?

A

α & β glucose

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2
Q

What type of bond links monosaccharides in carbohydrates?

A

glycosidic bonds

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3
Q

What are the two forms of starch?

A

amylose & amylopectin

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4
Q

What is the storage form of glucose in animals?

A

glycogen

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5
Q

What is the structural component of plant cell walls?

A

cellulose

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6
Q

What are the building blocks of proteins?

A

Amino acids

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7
Q

What type of bond connects amino acids in proteins?

A

peptide bonds

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8
Q

List the four levels of protein structure.

A
  • primary
  • secondary
  • tertiary
  • quaternary
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9
Q

What model describes enzyme activity?

A

lock & key, induced fit

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10
Q

What factors can affect enzyme activity?

A
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11
Q

What are the two main types of lipids?

A
  • Triglycerides
  • Phospholipids
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12
Q

What type of bond is found in triglycerides?

A

ester bonds

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13
Q

What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fats?

A
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14
Q

What is the basic structure of nucleic acids?

A

DNA & RNA structure

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15
Q

What type of bond links nucleotides in nucleic acids?

A

phosphodiester bonds

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16
Q

What are the base pairing rules in DNA?

A
  • A-T
  • C-G
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17
Q

What type of replication does DNA undergo?

A

semi-conservative

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18
Q

How is ATP resynthesized?

A

in respiration

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19
Q

What is released during the hydrolysis of ATP?

A

ADP + Pi

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20
Q

What property of water allows it to act as a solvent?

A

Hydrogen bonding

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21
Q

What is the significance of water’s high specific heat capacity?

A
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22
Q

What is the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

A
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23
Q

List some key organelles found in eukaryotic cells.

A
  • nucleus
  • mitochondria
  • ribosomes
  • Golgi
  • RER
  • SER
  • lysosomes
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24
Q

What is the difference between light and electron microscopes?

A
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25
Q

What is the formula for magnification?

A

image size ÷ actual size

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26
Q

What are the steps in cell fractionation?

A
  • Homogenisation
  • Ultracentrifugation
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27
Q

What is the order of organelles during ultracentrifugation?

A
  • nuclei
  • mitochondria
  • ribosomes
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28
Q

What model describes the structure of cell membranes?

A

fluid mosaic model

29
Q

Define osmosis.

30
Q

What is co-transport in cell membranes?

A

sodium-glucose

31
Q

What are the phases of the cell cycle?

A
  • Mitosis (PMAT)
  • Interphase (G1, S, G2)
32
Q

What is uncontrolled cell division a characteristic of?

33
Q

What is phagocytosis?

34
Q

What are the two main types of T cells?

A
  • helper
  • cytotoxic
35
Q

What are the two types of B cells?

A
  • plasma
  • memory
36
Q

What do antibodies do?

37
Q

What are monoclonal antibodies used for?

38
Q

What is the role of vaccines?

39
Q

What is the function of alveoli in the lungs?

A

gas exchange

40
Q

What principle does Fick’s Law illustrate?

A

large SA, thin membrane, good blood supply

41
Q

What mechanism do fish use for oxygen uptake?

A

counter-current flow

42
Q

What structures do insects use for gas exchange?

A
  • Spiracles
  • Tracheae
43
Q

What does amylase digest?

A

starch → maltose

44
Q

What does maltase digest?

A

maltose → glucose

45
Q

What does lipase digest?

A

lipids → fatty acids + glycerol

46
Q

What does protease digest?

A

proteins → amino acids

47
Q

What are the components of the circulatory system?

A
  • Heart
  • Blood vessels
48
Q

What are the phases of the cardiac cycle?

A
  • diastole
  • atrial systole
  • ventricular systole
49
Q

What are the three types of blood vessels?

A
  • arteries
  • veins
  • capillaries
50
Q

What does the O₂ dissociation curve describe?

A

Haemoglobin function

51
Q

What is the Bohr effect?

52
Q

What theory explains water transport in xylem?

A

cohesion-tension theory

53
Q

What is the process of translocation in phloem?

A

mass flow hypothesis

54
Q

What are genes?

A

sequences of bases coding for polypeptides

55
Q

What is the difference between introns and exons?

A
  • introns nbj
56
Q

What is the process of transcription?

A

DNA → mRNA

57
Q

What is the process of translation?

A

mRNA → polypeptide via ribosome + tRNA

58
Q

What are the types of mutations?

A
  • Substitution (silent, missense, nonsense)
  • Deletion (frameshift)
59
Q

What is the outcome of meiosis?

A

4 genetically different haploid cells

60
Q

What processes increase genetic diversity during meiosis?

A
  • crossing over
  • independent assortment
61
Q

What is natural selection?

A

beneficial alleles increase in frequency

62
Q

What are the two types of selection?

A
  • directional
  • stabilising
63
Q

What is the hierarchy of taxonomy?

64
Q

What is phylogenetics?

A

evolutionary trees

65
Q

What is species richness?

A
  • The variety of different species in a population
66
Q

What is the formula for the index of diversity?

A

D = N(N−1) / Σn(n−1)

67
Q

What is the impact of farming on biodiversity?

A
  • Farming practices reduce biodiversity E.G more trampling on ground and building gates
  • However, biodiversity can be restored by growing hedgerows and not draining pools of water.
68
Q

What does a large sample size provide in variation investigations?

A

more reliable results

AQA A LEVEL BIOLOGY (21 decks)

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