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1
Q

Name types of nuclear receptors

A

Steroid receptors- bind steroid hormones
RXR heterodimers- there is one that binds a compound and the other is RXR transcription factor. They have to be paired
Dimeric orphan receptor- don’t know their ligands
Monomeric/tethered orphan receptor- one of them is bound to DNA and the other isn’t

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2
Q

Name Vitamin A related nuclear receptors

A

Ligand for retinoic acid receptor (RAR) and retinoid x receptor (RXR), transcription factors belonging to the nuclear receptor superfamily of transcription factors

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3
Q

Which demographic groups have a higher prevalence for iron deficiency

A

non-hispanic black and Mexican-American women

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4
Q

Consequences of disruption of LXRa?

A
  • Increased liver mass, decreased Tis, Increased Hepatic cholesterol,
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5
Q

What are the major lipids present in bile

A

bile acids, phospholipids (mainly phosphatidylcholines, PC), and unesterified cholesterol.

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6
Q

Purpose of RNA-seq

A

 Provides sequence information; including genomic sequences that have not yet been determined
 Provides information regarding the relative abundance of transcripts

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7
Q

Name Vitamin A related nuclear receptors

A

Thyroid hormones- ligands of TR receptor (a transcription factor belonging to the nuclear receptor superfamily of transcription factors).

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8
Q

Benefits of folate intake

A

Reduced risk of neural tube defects

Prevention of cardiovascular disease, especially stroke

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9
Q

Iodine deficiency

Primary and secondary symptoms

A
  • Primary symptoms: Increased fetal and infant mortality, neurologic defects and mental retardation (cretinism), decreased reproductive fitness, hypothyroidism, goiter (hypertrophy of the thyroid gland)
  • Secondary (thyroid related disorders): anemia, arthritis, eye enlargement and inflammation, hair loss and premature graying of hair; inflammatory bowel diseases, depression
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10
Q

How much iron is usually found in the human body?

A

• The average person contains approximately 3-4 g of iron, and about 60% of this amount is found in blood

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11
Q

Anemia due to iron shortage- symptoms

A

pale skin, tired and weakness, difficulty maintaining body temperature, shortness of breath, an inflamed tongue; diminished cognitive function; decreased immune function

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12
Q

What can iron excess lead to?

A

can lead to other disorders such as arthritis, liver disease leading to liver failure, damage to the pancreas causing diabetes, cardiac function abnormalities, impotence, abnormal skin pigmentation of the skin (making it look gray or bronze), thyroid deficiency, damage to the adrenal glands

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13
Q

Name 2 microminerals

A

Iodine

Iron

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14
Q

Where methylation of DNA happens

A

Cytosine located 5’ to a guanosine (CpG)

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15
Q

Another name for hydrolyzed protein

A

specially-formulated HYPOALLERGENIC hydrolyzed protein

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16
Q

siRNA vs miRNA

A

siRNA- exogenous double-stranded RNA; binds perfectly

miRNA- endogenous single stranded RNA; binds imperfectly

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17
Q

MCM6

A

Causes variations in LCtT persistence (gene that codes for lactase)

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18
Q

What is tangier disease associated with?

A

Deficiency in ABCA1

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19
Q

All cells in the body are capable of making cholesterol

A

all cells in the body are capable of making cholesterol

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20
Q

Cholesterol in food is found as __

A

o Cholesterol in food is found as cholesteryl ester

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21
Q

The most common form of autosomal dominant hypercholesterolemia (ADH) is

A

Familial hypercholesterolemia, mutations in the LDLR gene on chromosome 19

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22
Q

Mutations in Apo B cause ___

A

Reduced affinity of LDL to LDLR

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23
Q

Apo-B is a __ ligand

A

Apo-B is a VLDL and LDLR ligand

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24
Q

low levels of __ are a significant risk factor for CHD.

A

low levels of HDL-C are a significant risk factor for CHD.

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25
Describe abetalipoproteinia
microsomal TG transfer protein • Patients who cannot secrete Apo-B48 into the bloodstream cannot make chylomicrons o Low to undetectable circulating chylomicrons • These rare patients generally have mutations in microsomal transfer protein (MTP) o MTP allows for the combining of Apo-B48 with triglyceride for the secretion of chylomicron particles in the intestine and Apo-B-100 with triglyceride for secretion of VLDL in the liver o When MTP is defective, no Apo-B-containing particles are present in plasma, and only HDLs are present • Malabsorption of fats and fat-soluble vitamins (e.g. vitamin A, E) Some clinical features of abetalipoproteinemia • Chronic diarrhea (steatorrhea) • Retinitis pigmentosa (poor absorption of vitamin A) • Ataxia • Star-shaped RBCs (acanthocytosis)
26
Mutations that cause abnormalstructure of APOA1 will cause
Low plasma HDL
27
What is APOA1?
o ApoA1 is the structural protein of HDL
28
Familial combined hyperlipidemia characteristics
* Increased production of VLDL Apo-B-100 * Increased triglyceride levels * Increased CEPT activity * Elevated LDL levels * Low HDL levels
29
People who take statins complain about
Muscle aches and pains Statins can also increase insulin resistance
30
anion exchange resins
• Anion exchange resins bind bile acids in the intestine; increase the conversion of liver cholesterol to bile acids, and up-regulate LDL receptors in the liver; thereby decreasing plasma LDL levels.
31
What is the most effective agent for increasing HDL-C now
• Niacin is the most effective agent currently available for raising HDL-C and its use has been associated with CHD risk reduction
32
How do fibrates work?
fibrates) are a class of medication that lowers blood triglyceride levels. Fibrates lower blood triglyceride levels by reducing the liver's production of VLDL (the triglyceride-carrying particle that circulates in the blood) and by speeding up the removal of triglycerides from the blood.
33
What is the role of CETP?
An enzyme that will move CE from HDL to LDL in exchange for TGs from LDL to HDL
34
Example of xenobiotics
Pollutants, drugs, and agricultural chemicals
35
FH is inherited by
autosomal dominant trait
36
There are two forms of FH ___
Heterozygous and homozygous
37
SCAP does two things : ____ and ____
escort for SREBPs and a sensor for sterols
38
Targeted disruption of the LXRα gene in mice – effect on Cyp7a1 mRNA abundance
Cyp7a1 was not expressed in transgenic mice when fed high cholesterol diet
39
Are all Fatty acids are transported via chilomicrons
No . FAs less than 14 carbons in length and those containing several double bonds undergo, to a variable degree, direct internal transport via the portal circulation
40
Omega 6 and omega 3 have what effect on the body
omega 6-> lowers circulatory Ch values (more potent than MUFAs) Omega 3-> TG-lowering and anti-inflammatory actions
41
Which lipoproteins are LCAT activators?
Apo A
42
Amino acids and fatty acids can activate a __
Amino acids and fatty acids can activate a signal transduction pathway
43
Which elements can affect cell via nutrient receptors?
Those, which can enter via nutrient transporters | Fat soluble vitamins, trace elements, fatty acids, phytochemicals, sterols
44
How to tell that a food contains MSG
protein hydrolase
45
Vitamins and minerals are usually __
Vitamins and minerals are usually co-substrates or enzyme co-factors
46
what are the uses of choline?
Ensures structural identity and signalling functions of cell membranes Source of methyl groups
47
Macrominerals
``` Calcium Chloride Phosphorus POtassium Magnesium Sulphur ```
48
Essential minerals
``` Macro minerals (ca, cl, K, P, Mg, S) trace minerals (cobalt, copper, fluoride, iodine, iron, manganese, nickel, sodium, selenium, zinc) ```
49
Wrong bacteria->
Wrong bacteria-> increased susceptibility for atherosclerosis Bacteria may facilitate conversion of nutrients into a compound that may speed up the speed up of plaque build up
50
What is the function of Apo C
act either as LPL activator or inhibitor
51
Describe APOE
ligand for LDL and VLDL receptors; found in all lipoproteins; regulated by LXR
52
FABP role
Intestinal binding proteins assist in transmucosal shuttling of FAs
53
GPIHBP1
proteins on the surface of endothelial cell; Chylomicrons and LPL interact with acidic domain of GPI. LPL hydrolyzes TGs of lipoproteins -" can enter cells
54
MCM6
Causes variations in LCT persistence
55
PCSK9 is predominantly regulated by __
PCSK9 is predominantly regulated by SREBP2
56
Genes regulated by LXR
Cyp7a1 SREBP1-C ABCA1
57
TAS2R
Taste receptor TAS2R protein (bitter taste receptor) is connected to nerve signals Bitter ligand fits into the receptor-> G-protein gets activated-> release of Ca2+ through ion channel and sending a signal via neuron interaction
58
Ezetimibe is a __ inhibitor of NPC1L1
Ezetimibe is a competitive inhibitor of NPC1L1
59
Where are Bile acids found?
Small and large I t’estime
60
How are bile acids made?
Steroid nucleus is hydroxylated and saturated. It is emiperized at 3beta hydroxyl group Side chain is cleaved Taurine/glycine are added at COOH
61
Statins are __ inhibitors of HMG-CoA reductase
Statins are competitive inhibitors of HMG-CoA reductase
62
4 types of LDLR malfunction in FH
1. Synthesis of LDLR mRNA 2. Transport from ER to golgi 3. Binding of LDL to LDLR 4. Clustering in coated pits
63
Results of LPL malfunction
Hypertriglyceridemia | Metabolic syndrome
64
LCAT vs ACAT
LCAT- surface of HDL | ACAT- inside the cells and enterocytes
65
S1p vs s2p
S1P, a membrane-bound serine protease, cleaves the SREBP in the luminal loop between its two membrane-spanning segments, S2P cuts between the DNA binding domain and transmembrane domain of SREBP
66
The __ terminal end of SCAP interacts with SREBPs
 The c-terminal end of SCAP interacts with SREBPs
67
What are MABs?
monoclonal antibodies
68
 Hypercholesterolemia associated with __-of- function variants of PCSK9 gene  Hypocholesterolemia associated with __-of- function variants of PCSK9 gene
 Hypercholesterolemia associated with gain-of- function variants of PCSK9 gene  Hypocholesterolemia associated with loss-of- function variants of PCSK9 gene
69
What is the code of HRE
AGGTCA
70
Is EST in vitro or in vivo?
In vitro
71
Is PCR in vitro or in vivo
in vitro
72
What is proteomic analysis?
Can be used to study which and how proteins/enzymes are altered by changes in state of nutrition or metabolic status
73
The progeny black mice are __
The progeny black mice are heterozygote
74
the difference and similarities of FH people and LDLR -/- mice
Similarities: elevated dietary cholesterol, hypercholesterolemia, LDL is affected Differences: Atherosclerosis- mice is susceptible, in people it is premature
75
LXR target genes are stimulated when cellular oxysterol | concentrations __
LXR target genes are stimulated when cellular oxysterol | concentrations increase
76
What happend in mice when they were knocked out for SREBP2
died as embryos
77
Dietary cholesterol is in __ form
Dietary cholesterol is in UC form
78
Effect on cholesterol absorption in NPC1L1 knock-out mice
Large decrease 80%, but some is till absorbed-> there is 20% that does not go through NPC1L1

Nutr 307 (8 decks)

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