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Nutr 307 > Last minute > Flashcards

Last minute Flashcards

1
Q

Name types of nuclear receptors

A

Steroid receptors- bind steroid hormones
RXR heterodimers- there is one that binds a compound and the other is RXR transcription factor. They have to be paired
Dimeric orphan receptor- don’t know their ligands
Monomeric/tethered orphan receptor- one of them is bound to DNA and the other isn’t

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2
Q

Name Vitamin A related nuclear receptors

A

Ligand for retinoic acid receptor (RAR) and retinoid x receptor (RXR), transcription factors belonging to the nuclear receptor superfamily of transcription factors

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3
Q

Which demographic groups have a higher prevalence for iron deficiency

A

non-hispanic black and Mexican-American women

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4
Q

Consequences of disruption of LXRa?

A
  • Increased liver mass, decreased Tis, Increased Hepatic cholesterol,
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5
Q

What are the major lipids present in bile

A

bile acids, phospholipids (mainly phosphatidylcholines, PC), and unesterified cholesterol.

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6
Q

Purpose of RNA-seq

A

 Provides sequence information; including genomic sequences that have not yet been determined
 Provides information regarding the relative abundance of transcripts

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7
Q

Name Vitamin A related nuclear receptors

A

Thyroid hormones- ligands of TR receptor (a transcription factor belonging to the nuclear receptor superfamily of transcription factors).

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8
Q

Benefits of folate intake

A

Reduced risk of neural tube defects

Prevention of cardiovascular disease, especially stroke

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9
Q

Iodine deficiency

Primary and secondary symptoms

A
  • Primary symptoms: Increased fetal and infant mortality, neurologic defects and mental retardation (cretinism), decreased reproductive fitness, hypothyroidism, goiter (hypertrophy of the thyroid gland)
  • Secondary (thyroid related disorders): anemia, arthritis, eye enlargement and inflammation, hair loss and premature graying of hair; inflammatory bowel diseases, depression
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10
Q

How much iron is usually found in the human body?

A

• The average person contains approximately 3-4 g of iron, and about 60% of this amount is found in blood

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11
Q

Anemia due to iron shortage- symptoms

A

pale skin, tired and weakness, difficulty maintaining body temperature, shortness of breath, an inflamed tongue; diminished cognitive function; decreased immune function

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12
Q

What can iron excess lead to?

A

can lead to other disorders such as arthritis, liver disease leading to liver failure, damage to the pancreas causing diabetes, cardiac function abnormalities, impotence, abnormal skin pigmentation of the skin (making it look gray or bronze), thyroid deficiency, damage to the adrenal glands

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13
Q

Name 2 microminerals

A

Iodine

Iron

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14
Q

Where methylation of DNA happens

A

Cytosine located 5’ to a guanosine (CpG)

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15
Q

Another name for hydrolyzed protein

A

specially-formulated HYPOALLERGENIC hydrolyzed protein

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16
Q

siRNA vs miRNA

A

siRNA- exogenous double-stranded RNA; binds perfectly

miRNA- endogenous single stranded RNA; binds imperfectly

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17
Q

MCM6

A

Causes variations in LCtT persistence (gene that codes for lactase)

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18
Q

What is tangier disease associated with?

A

Deficiency in ABCA1

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19
Q

All cells in the body are capable of making cholesterol

A

all cells in the body are capable of making cholesterol

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20
Q

Cholesterol in food is found as __

A

o Cholesterol in food is found as cholesteryl ester

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21
Q

The most common form of autosomal dominant hypercholesterolemia (ADH) is

A

Familial hypercholesterolemia, mutations in the LDLR gene on chromosome 19

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22
Q

Mutations in Apo B cause ___

A

Reduced affinity of LDL to LDLR

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23
Q

Apo-B is a __ ligand

A

Apo-B is a VLDL and LDLR ligand

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24
Q

low levels of __ are a significant risk factor for CHD.

A

low levels of HDL-C are a significant risk factor for CHD.

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25
Q

Describe abetalipoproteinia

A

microsomal TG transfer protein • Patients who cannot secrete Apo-B48 into the bloodstream cannot make chylomicrons
o Low to undetectable circulating chylomicrons
• These rare patients generally have mutations in microsomal transfer protein (MTP)
o MTP allows for the combining of Apo-B48 with triglyceride for the secretion of chylomicron particles in the intestine and Apo-B-100 with triglyceride for secretion of VLDL in the liver
o When MTP is defective, no Apo-B-containing particles are present in plasma, and only HDLs are present
• Malabsorption of fats and fat-soluble vitamins (e.g. vitamin A, E)
Some clinical features of abetalipoproteinemia
• Chronic diarrhea (steatorrhea)
• Retinitis pigmentosa (poor absorption of vitamin A)
• Ataxia
• Star-shaped RBCs (acanthocytosis)

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26
Q

Mutations that cause abnormalstructure of APOA1 will cause

A

Low plasma HDL

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27
Q

What is APOA1?

A

o ApoA1 is the structural protein of HDL

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28
Q

Familial combined hyperlipidemia characteristics

A
  • Increased production of VLDL Apo-B-100
  • Increased triglyceride levels
  • Increased CEPT activity
  • Elevated LDL levels
  • Low HDL levels
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29
Q

People who take statins complain about

A

Muscle aches and pains

Statins can also increase insulin resistance

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30
Q

anion exchange resins

A

• Anion exchange resins bind bile acids in the intestine; increase the conversion of liver cholesterol to bile acids, and up-regulate LDL receptors in the liver; thereby decreasing plasma LDL levels.

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31
Q

What is the most effective agent for increasing HDL-C now

A

• Niacin is the most effective agent currently available for raising HDL-C and its use has been associated with CHD risk reduction

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32
Q

How do fibrates work?

A

fibrates) are a class of medication that lowers blood triglyceride levels. Fibrates lower blood triglyceride levels by reducing the liver’s production of VLDL (the triglyceride-carrying particle that circulates in the blood) and by speeding up the removal of triglycerides from the blood.

33
Q

What is the role of CETP?

A

An enzyme that will move CE from HDL to LDL in exchange for TGs from LDL to HDL

34
Q

Example of xenobiotics

A

Pollutants, drugs, and agricultural chemicals

35
Q

FH is inherited by

A

autosomal dominant trait

36
Q

There are two forms of FH ___

A

Heterozygous and homozygous

37
Q

SCAP does two things : ____ and ____

A

escort for SREBPs and a sensor for sterols

38
Q

Targeted disruption of the LXRα gene in mice – effect on Cyp7a1 mRNA abundance

A

Cyp7a1 was not expressed in transgenic mice when fed high cholesterol diet

39
Q

Are all Fatty acids are transported via chilomicrons

A

No
. FAs less than 14 carbons in length and those containing several double bonds undergo, to a variable degree, direct internal transport via the portal circulation

40
Q

Omega 6 and omega 3 have what effect on the body

A

omega 6-> lowers circulatory Ch values (more potent than MUFAs)

Omega 3-> TG-lowering and anti-inflammatory actions

41
Q

Which lipoproteins are LCAT activators?

A

Apo A

42
Q

Amino acids and fatty acids can activate a __

A

Amino acids and fatty acids can activate a signal transduction pathway

43
Q

Which elements can affect cell via nutrient receptors?

A

Those, which can enter via nutrient transporters

Fat soluble vitamins, trace elements, fatty acids, phytochemicals, sterols

44
Q

How to tell that a food contains MSG

A

protein hydrolase

45
Q

Vitamins and minerals are usually __

A

Vitamins and minerals are usually co-substrates or enzyme co-factors

46
Q

what are the uses of choline?

A

Ensures structural identity and signalling functions of cell membranes
Source of methyl groups

47
Q

Macrominerals

A 
Calcium
Chloride
Phosphorus
POtassium
Magnesium 
Sulphur
48
Q

Essential minerals

A 
Macro minerals (ca, cl, K, P, Mg, S)
trace minerals (cobalt, copper, fluoride, iodine, iron, manganese, nickel, sodium, selenium, zinc)
49
Q

Wrong bacteria->

A

Wrong bacteria-> increased susceptibility for atherosclerosis
Bacteria may facilitate conversion of nutrients into a compound that may speed up the speed up of plaque build up

50
Q

What is the function of Apo C

A

act either as LPL activator or inhibitor

51
Q

Describe APOE

A

ligand for LDL and VLDL receptors; found in all lipoproteins; regulated by LXR

52
Q

FABP role

A

Intestinal binding proteins assist in transmucosal shuttling of FAs

53
Q

GPIHBP1

A

proteins on the surface of endothelial cell; Chylomicrons and LPL interact with acidic domain of GPI. LPL hydrolyzes TGs of lipoproteins -“ can enter cells

54
Q

MCM6

A

Causes variations in LCT persistence

55
Q

PCSK9 is predominantly regulated by __

A

PCSK9 is predominantly regulated by SREBP2

56
Q

Genes regulated by LXR

A

Cyp7a1
SREBP1-C
ABCA1

57
Q

TAS2R

A

Taste receptor TAS2R protein (bitter taste receptor) is connected to nerve signals

Bitter ligand fits into the receptor-> G-protein gets activated-> release of Ca2+ through ion channel and sending a signal via neuron interaction

58
Q

Ezetimibe is a __ inhibitor of NPC1L1

A

Ezetimibe is a competitive inhibitor of NPC1L1

59
Q

Where are Bile acids found?

A

Small and large I t’estime

60
Q

How are bile acids made?

A

Steroid nucleus is hydroxylated and saturated.
It is emiperized at 3beta hydroxyl group
Side chain is cleaved
Taurine/glycine are added at COOH

61
Q

Statins are __ inhibitors of HMG-CoA reductase

A

Statins are competitive inhibitors of HMG-CoA reductase

62
Q

4 types of LDLR malfunction in FH

A
  1. Synthesis of LDLR mRNA
  2. Transport from ER to golgi
  3. Binding of LDL to LDLR
  4. Clustering in coated pits
63
Q

Results of LPL malfunction

A

Hypertriglyceridemia

Metabolic syndrome

64
Q

LCAT vs ACAT

A

LCAT- surface of HDL

ACAT- inside the cells and enterocytes

65
Q

S1p vs s2p

A

S1P, a membrane-bound serine protease, cleaves the SREBP in the luminal loop between its two membrane-spanning segments,
S2P cuts between the DNA binding domain and transmembrane domain of SREBP

66
Q

The __ terminal end of SCAP interacts with SREBPs

A

 The c-terminal end of SCAP interacts with SREBPs

67
Q

What are MABs?

A

monoclonal antibodies

68
Q

 Hypercholesterolemia associated with __-of- function variants of PCSK9 gene
 Hypocholesterolemia associated with __-of- function variants of PCSK9 gene

A

 Hypercholesterolemia associated with gain-of- function variants of PCSK9 gene
 Hypocholesterolemia associated with loss-of- function variants of PCSK9 gene

69
Q

What is the code of HRE

A

AGGTCA

70
Q

Is EST in vitro or in vivo?

A

In vitro

71
Q

Is PCR in vitro or in vivo

A

in vitro

72
Q

What is proteomic analysis?

A

Can be used to study which and how proteins/enzymes are altered by changes in state of nutrition or metabolic status

73
Q

The progeny black mice are __

A

The progeny black mice are heterozygote

74
Q

the difference and similarities of FH people and LDLR -/- mice

A

Similarities: elevated dietary cholesterol, hypercholesterolemia, LDL is affected
Differences: Atherosclerosis- mice is susceptible, in people it is premature

75
Q

LXR target genes are stimulated when cellular oxysterol

concentrations __

A

LXR target genes are stimulated when cellular oxysterol

concentrations increase

76
Q

What happend in mice when they were knocked out for SREBP2

A

died as embryos

77
Q

Dietary cholesterol is in __ form

A

Dietary cholesterol is in UC form

78
Q

Effect on cholesterol absorption in NPC1L1 knock-out mice

A

Large decrease 80%, but some is till absorbed-> there is 20% that does not go through NPC1L1

Nutr 307 (8 decks)

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