Last Minute

Question 1

What size particles for nasal delivery to turbinates?

Answer 1

5-10um, >10um trapped in hairs,

Question 2

How is reverse micelle formation achieved?

Answer 2

Sodium deoxycholate

Question 3

In which route are tight junctions looser?

Answer 3

Pulmonary

Question 4

How does epithelial thickness vary throughout the lungs?

Answer 4

From about 60um in bronchi to

Question 5

hat enzymes can be found in oral mucus/saliva?

Answer 5

No proteases but contains esterase, amylase, lipase, phosphatase.

Question 6

What drugs can be delivered via the sublingual/buccal route?

Answer 6

insulin, inhaler: RapidMist delivery system. Insulin, surfactant, solubiliser, micelle creating agent, emulsifying agent.

Buprenorphine, naloxone, Actiq lollipop, buccal testorone, Striant
Nitroglycerin

Question 7

What is special about the vaginal structure?

Answer 7

Intercellular channels are present.

Question 8

What could vaginal rings be used to treat?

Answer 8

Contraception 
HRT
IVF therapy 
Microbicides (HIV, herpes) 
Reservoir, matrix, pod forms.

Question 9

What rings exist?

Answer 9

NuvaRing

Question 10

What is the release area of Eudagrit L 100?

Answer 10

Jejunum: pH 6

Question 11

What is the release area of Eudagrit L 30?

Answer 11

Doudenum pH 5.5

Question 12

What release profiles are possible from Geomatrix?

Answer 12

Swelling device.

Zero order, quick-slow, slow-quick, binary, positioned, accelerated, delayed, cardiovascular, multiple pulse.

Question 13

How can the length of cross links influence drug release?

Answer 13

Larger links - more drug release as not as tight matrix

Question 14

For chemically controlled DDS, in surface erosion devices what is the relationship between polymer degradation and water ingress?

Answer 14

Polymer degradation leads to water ingress and drug release.

Bulk erosion: water ingress leads to polymer degradation

Question 15

Class II POE hydrolysis (surface erosion) is what?

Answer 15

Acid catalysed

Question 16

Class IV POE degradation is what?

Answer 16

Self-catalysed

Question 17

What is electro spinning?

Answer 17

Syringe driver + polymer solution + high voltage power supply.
Tetracycline release to treat bacterial infections.
PCL
PEVA

Question 18

What can electrospinning be used for?

Answer 18

Suspensions and emulsions, reduce or eliminate burst release, coaxial electrospinning allows core/sheath nanofibres to be generated.

Question 19

What are benefits of Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles?

Answer 19

Inert
Thermally stable
Easy to functionalise
Following drug loading, pores can be capped with Nanoparticles that can be selectively removed by pH, light, magnetism, antigen, S-S reduction or saccharide.

Question 20

How can the rate of degradation of Gliadel wafers be increased?

Answer 20

Increase the amount of sebacic acid in the PCPP:SA mixture.

Treats malignant gliomas. Brain.

Question 21

What is NK012?

Answer 21

Targets DNA topoisomerase I.
PEG+ SN38 = NK012
Takes advantage of EPR effect.

Question 22

What is C. novyi?

Answer 22

An obligate anaerobes bacteria that can colonise tumours, also haemolytic so able to disrupt lipid bilayers.

Question 23

Many prodrug passive targeting approaches include a polymer or Nanoparticles carrier to ensure what?

Answer 23

Accumulation in tumour tissue and tumour specific release.

Question 24

What types of linkers can be used for pH sensitive targeting?

Answer 24

Imines, hydrazone, carboxylic hydrazone, acetal, ketal.

Question 25

What is HSA?

Answer 25

Human serum albumin.

Question 26

What is HER2?

Answer 26

Transmembrane glycoprotein over expressed.

Question 27

How can single chain variable fragments (scFv) be used in active targeting?

Answer 27

Single chain variable fragments of antibodies penetrate tumours better and have higher specificity. HER2 can be targeted for PDT using a scFv Ab.

Question 28

What is an example of ADEPT?

Answer 28

Carboxypeptidase G2 (CPG2) against colorectal cancer.

Question 29

What are affibodies?

Answer 29

Based off of Stayphlococcal protein A which binds to mammalian IgG. EASILY generated Scalable.

Question 30

How can aptamers be used?

Answer 30

``` Aptamers - linker- drug Aptamer containing drug. Aptamer - toxin or enzyme Aptamer - liposome Aptamer - micelle Aptamer - polymer Nanoparticles ```

Question 31

Elimination usually involves:

Answer 31

Cystine

Question 32

Deamindation usually involves:

Answer 32

Asparagine and glutamine | Favoured at pH 5 and above

Question 33

Disulphides bond shuffling occurs to

Answer 33

Cystine residues

Question 34

What is the effect of removing terminal disulphide bonds?

Answer 34

Reduces Tm by 40 degrees.

Question 35

Oxidation occurs to

Answer 35

Methionine and cysteine

Question 36

Cross linking involves

Answer 36

Lysine

Question 37

Thiol-disulphide exchange involves

Answer 37

Cysteine and cystine

Question 38

Why are cyclodextrins added to protein formulations?

Answer 38

Suppress aggregation of proteins

Question 39

Why are polysorbates used?

Answer 39

Preferential exclusion of solutes. Acting as a chaperone aiding protein refolding. Binding to hydrophobic patches of proteins. Formation of detergent film in aqueous systems to limit protein exposure to air/water interface. Compete with proteins in adsorbing to surfaces - glass, IV bags etc. Applicable for lifetime of formulation

Question 40

Why should polysorbates be used with caution?

Answer 40

``` Auto-oxidation can occur Hydrolytic degradation Reactive peroxides Aldehydes Immunogenicity Extent relies on: identity of protein, protein and surfactant concentration etc ```