Last minute Flashcards
Examples of lung damage causing pulmonary fibrosis
Infarction, Infection e.g. pneumonia, TB
Examples of irritants causing pulmonary fibrosis
Coal dust, silica
Examples of diffuse parenchymal lung disease casuing pulmonary fibrosis
Hypersensitivity pneumonitis
Examples of connective tissue diseases causing pulmonary fibrosis
RA, SLE, systemic sclerosis, Sjogren’s syndrome
Examples of drug-induced pulmonary fibrosis
Amiodarone, Nitrofurantoin (especially older women with recurrent UTIs), Bleomycin, Methotrexate, Cyclophosphamide
Name 2 signs visible on hands that indicate IPF
Finger clubbing
Acrocyanosis
Signs that could be present on X-Ray showing IPF
Honeycombing
Ground glass opacities
Reticulations
Distribution - predominantly lower zone fibrosis in IPF
What two medications are licensed for use in the treatment of IPF?
Pirfenidone - TGFβ Inhibitor; reduces fibroblast activity
Nintedanib – monoclonal antibody against tyrosine kinase; interferes with fibroblast proliferation, migration and differentiation
Symptoms of hypocalcaemia
● C - convulsions
● A - Arrhythmias
● T - Tetany (intermittent involuntary muscle contractions)
● S - spasms
● Numb - numbness
Two signs of hypocalcaemia
Chvostek’s sign - tapping facial nerve causes muscle spasm
Trousseau’s sign - inflated blood pressure cuff causes wrist flexion and finger adduction
Which two LFT’s when raised indicate biliary pathology?
ALP, GGT
What is the most common type of gallstone?
Cholesterol
What two eponymous signs indicate haemorrhagic pancreatitis?
○ Grey Turner’s Sign- flank bruising
○ Cullen’s Sign - periumbilical bruising (central)
What autoantibody indicates Addison’s?
Anti-21-hydroxylase
What toll-like receptor reacts to viral double stranded DNA?
TLR3
What would you seen upon X-Ray of a patient with Multiple Myeloma?
Raindrop skull
What is chipmunk face indicative of?
Beta thallasaemia major
What medication should be given in opiod overdose?
Naloxone
What is Wenckebach phenomenon?
PR interval becomes progressively more prolonged until a QRS complex is missed, then the pattern resets
How should you treat emergency severe hypoglycaemia?
IM glucagon
Describe CKD staging
1 GFR >90
2 GFR 60-89
3A GFR 45-59
3B GFR 30-44
4 GFR 15-29
5 GFR <15
Describe AKI staging
- Increase in serum creatine 1.5-1.9 x baseline within 7 days
- Increase in serum creatine 2.0-2.9 x baseline within 7 days
- Increase in serum creatine >3.0 x baseline within 7 days
Cystic fibrosis’ effect on the pancreas
Normal enzyme production, but channel dysfunction causes dehydration of secretions -> enzyme stagnation
Cystic fibrosis’ effect on the biliary tree
Decreased movement of water -> concentrated bile -> damage
Cystic fibrosis’ effect on the GI tract
Low volume secretions -> increased viscosity, intraluminal water deficiency
Cystic fibrosis’ effect on the Respiratory tract
Airway dehydration -> Decreased mucocilliary clearance + increased risk of bacterial colonisation -> Inflammatory lung damage due to neutrophil response
What ages does ALL present?
Under 5s & over 45s
What type of anaemia does hypothyroidism cause?
Megaloblastic macrocytic
What is the most common subtype of MND?
ALS
Which IBD has apthous uclers?
Crohn’s
What is thrombophilia?
A condition in which the blood has an increased tendency to form clots
Which autoantibodies are associated with PSC?
pANCA and Anti-smooth muscle
What does raised ALT, ASM and IgG indicate?
Autoimmune hepatitis
What can be perscribed to manage pruritus in patients with PBC?
Cholestyramine
