Endocrinology Flashcards
Give 3 potential side effects of glucocorticoids.
- Skin thinning.
- Oral candidiasis.
- Acne.
- Striae.
- Bruising.
What is cellulitis?
Inflammation of the SC layer of the skin.
What bacteria is the commonest causal organism of cellulitis?
S.pyogenes.
Give 5 signs of cellulitis.
- Inflammation.
- Swelling.
- Redness.
- Warmth.
- Pain.
- Unilateral.
What is the differential diagnosis in someone with the signs and symptoms of cellulitis?
DVT!
What is the treatment for cellulitis?
Penicillin and flucloxacillin.
Give an example of a water soluble hormone.
Peptides e.g. TRH, LH, FSH.
Are water soluble hormones stored in vesicles or synthesised on demand?
Water soluble hormones e.g. peptides are stored in vesicles.
How do water soluble hormones e.g. peptides get into a cell?
They bind to cell surface receptors.
Give an example of a fat soluble hormone.
Steroids e.g. cortisol.
Are fat soluble hormones stored in vesicles or synthesised on demand?
Fat soluble hormones e.g. steroids are synthesised on demand.
Give an example of an amine hormone.
Noradrenaline and adrenaline.
Describe the pathway for noradrenaline synthesis.
Phenylalanine -> L-tyrosine -> L-dopa -> dopamine -> NAd and Ad.
Name 2 enzymes that break down catecholamines.
MAO and COMT.
What are noradrenaline and adrenaline broken down into?
Normetadrenaline and metadrenaline.
Where in a cell are peptide cell receptors located?
Peptide cell receptors are located on the cell membrane.
Where in a cell are steroid cell receptors located?
Steroid cell receptors are located in the cytoplasm.
Where in a cell are thyroid/vitamin A and D cell receptors located?
Thyroid, vitamin A and D and oestrogen act on nuclear receptors.
Give 5 ways in which hormone action is controlled.
- Hormone metabolism.
- Hormone receptor induction.
- Hormone receptor down-regulation.
- Synergism e.g. glucagon and adrenaline.
- Antagonism e.g. glucagon and insulin.
What layer of the trilaminar disc is the anterior pituitary derived from?
Ectoderm (Rathke’s pouch).
Name 6 hormones that the anterior pituitary produces.
- TSH.
- FSH.
- LH.
- ACTH.
- Prolactin.
- GH.
What is the posterior pituitary derived form?
The floor of the ventricles.
Where are posterior pituitary hormones synthesised?
They are synthesised in the para-ventricular and supra-optic nuclei.
Name 2 hormones secreted from the posterior pituitary.
Oxytocin and ADH.