Last Min Studying Flashcards
What are the three types of norms?
- Prescriptive: what to do
- Proscriptive: what not to do
- Descriptive: what people typically do
Norms govern social behavior and expectations in various contexts.
Who conducted the Robbers Cave experiment?
Muzafer Sherif
The experiment studied group dynamics and conflict resolution.
What is the concept of ‘proximity’ in social psychology?
The physical closeness of individuals, which can influence interactions and relationships.
Proximity often affects group dynamics and social connections.
What did Sherif observe about slogans in Germany during the rise of the Nazi party?
Slogans served as norms that anchored beliefs in ambiguous situations.
Simple, compelling slogans can unify and influence group behavior.
What phenomenon occurs when individuals in a group converge to a group norm?
Group norm convergence
This process can occur over iterations and can take generations to revert to previous norms.
How long can it take for group norms to return to ‘normal’ after a tradition has maintained itself?
Up to 6 generations
Norms can be resistant to change over long periods.
What are roles in a social context?
Coherent sets of behaviors expected of people in specific positions.
Roles help define individual expectations within a group.
Who broke group activities into task and relationship activities?
Robert Bales
His work emphasizes the differentiation of roles in group settings.
What is Functional Role Theory by Benne & Sheets?
A framework categorizing roles into task, relationship, and self-interested categories.
This theory helps understand role differentiation in groups.
What does Interaction Theory state about roles?
Roles are produced from the interactions of group members.
This theory highlights the dynamic nature of social roles.
What is the SYMLOG model?
A model that categorizes group member behaviors based on dominance, friendliness, and acceptance of authority.
It helps visualize group dynamics and leadership desires.
What are the four types of role conflicts?
- Role ambiguity
- Role conflict
- Interrole conflict
- Intrarole conflict
These conflicts arise from unclear expectations or competing demands from roles.
What is role fit?
The alignment of a role with an individual’s identity and values.
A good role fit can enhance job satisfaction and performance.
What are the three types of relations in a group?
- Status relations: who is in charge
- Attraction relations: who do I like
- Communication relations
These relations define the dynamics and interactions within a group.
What is equifinality in an open system?
The potential to reach a given end state through any one of a number of means.
Define social cohesion.
The attraction of members to one another and to the group as a whole.
What is task cohesion?
A shared commitment among members to achieve a goal and the resulting capacity to perform successfully as a coordinated unit.
What is collective efficacy?
The belief, shared among a substantial portion of the group members, that the group is capable of organizing and executing the actions required to attain the group’s goals.
Define collective cohesion.
Unity based on shared identity and belonging.
How do cohesive members refer to their group?
They use more plural pronouns than personal pronouns, e.g., ‘We won that game’ instead of ‘I got the job done’.
What does a higher collective cohesion indicate about entitativity?
A group that is higher in collective cohesion will, in most cases, be a group that is higher in entitativity.
What is emotional cohesion?
Group-based emotions, including pride, esprit de corps, and overall affective intensity.
According to Jennifer George, what do cohesive groups display?
Cohesive groups are more likely to display collective mood states; members’ emotions and moods become synchronized.
What does relational cohesion theory suggest?
Members develop stronger ties to groups perceived as sources of positive feelings and weaker ties to those perceived as sources of negative feelings.
Define structural cohesion.
The group’s structural integrity, including normative coherence, clarity of roles, and strength and density of relationships linking members.
What is the Multicomponent Assumption?
A multicomponent approach suggesting many different factors contribute to the unity of a group.
What does the Multilevel Assumption state about cohesion?
Cohesion is a multilevel process, including both liking for specific members and liking for the group itself.
What does the Multimethod Assumption imply about measuring cohesion?
Researchers use a variety of methods to measure cohesion due to its multifaceted nature.
List the stages of group development.
- Orientation: Forming
- Conflict: Storming
- Structure: Norming
- Performance: Performing
- Dissolution: Adjourning
What characterizes the Orientation stage?
Members become familiar with each other; dependency and inclusion issues arise.
What occurs during the Conflict stage?
Disagreement over procedures; expression of dissatisfaction; tension among members.
What happens in the Structure stage?
Growth of cohesiveness and unity; establishment of roles, standards, and relationships.
Describe the Performance stage.
Goal achievement; high task orientation; emphasis on performance and production.
What is the focus of the Dissolution stage?
Termination of roles; completion of tasks; reduction of dependency.
What does the equilibrium model of group development propose?
The focus of a group shifts back and forth between tasks and interpersonal relationships.
What is the punctuated equilibrium model?
A theory that assumes groups change gradually but experience brief periods of rapid change.
What is the Cohesion-Performance Relationship?
Cohesive groups tend to outperform less unified groups.
True or False: Increasing a group’s cohesion guarantees better performance.
False.
What factors strengthen the cohesion-performance relationship?
- Bona fide groups over ad hoc groups
- Correlational studies over experimental studies
- Smaller groups over larger groups
- Sports teams over other types of groups
- Project-focused teams over production/service teams
What is the take-home lesson regarding social cohesiveness?
Creating social cohesiveness may make members happy but not necessarily productive.
Is hazing effective for increasing group cohesion?
Research does not offer much support for the effectiveness of hazing.
How does cognitive dissonance relate to initiations?
The more costly the initiation, the higher the perceived value of joining.
