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Physiology unit 4 > Last min memorization stuff > Flashcards

Last min memorization stuff Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most common cause of metabolic acidosis

A

Diarrhea, Ketone bodies from starvation or diabetes mellitus

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2
Q

Most common causes of Metabolic alkalosis

A

Vomitting, Diuretics

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3
Q

Roles and location of Granular cells

A

Granular cells are Mechanoreceptors
- Line Blood affeent arterioles
- Release renin when Low BP

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4
Q

Location and role of Macula Densa cells

A

Located in DCT
Chemoreceptors to moniter solute concentration (NA) of filtrate

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5
Q

Which cells secrete renin

A

Lacis cells and granulare cells

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6
Q

What structures are in the cortex

A

Bowman’s capsule, PCT and DCT, Glomerulus, peritubular capillaries

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7
Q

What structures are in the medulla

A

Vasa recta, loop of henle, collecting duct

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8
Q

Main function of renorenal reflex

A

Increased pressure of one kidney decreases efferent nerve activity to cause Vasodialation, increase excretion of Na and water

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9
Q

Which parts of filtration are highly innervated, and what does SNS act on/function of this

A

PCT, DCT,and loop of henle are stimulated by norepi on tubule cells and granular cells receptors.
1. Causes increased sensitivity of granular cells (respond to smaller decrease in pressure)
2. Increase Na reabsorbtion (Na back into blood, decrease urine production)
3. Renal vasoconstriction–>Decrease GFR and renal blood flow

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10
Q

Primary function of juxtamedullary nephron vs cortical nephron

A

Juxtamedullary concentrates urine since it has such long loops of henle (w countercurrent mecahnism)
Cortical nephrons - Na and H2O reabsorbtion

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11
Q

What is reabsorbed/ secreted in the PCT and via which channels

A

Na uses active transport
Glucose uses cotransport w Na Via SGLT2
Amino Acids use cotransport with Na
Water uses aquaporins

Hydrogen can be secreted if needed

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12
Q

What is reabsorbed/ secreted in the DCT and via which channels

A

Na and Water are reabsorbed via aldosterone increases or decreases
K is exchanged with Na
H as needed

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13
Q

Which limb secretes Urea

A

Descending limb- concentrates interstitial space

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14
Q

Where are P cells and I cells

A

In collecting duct
- P cells reabsorb Na
- I cells sense H or HCO3

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15
Q

If GFR=RC, what substances test for this?

A

Inulin, creatanine
neither reabsorbed nor secreted, just filtered

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16
Q

If GFR>RC, what substances have this?

A

Reabsorbed into the body–> Na or Glucose, Amino Acids

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17
Q

If RC> GFR what happens and which substances are like this

A

The substances are secreted from the body
Drug metabolites, H+ as needed, K

18
Q

Steps on urination

A
  1. Receptors on bladder wall detect stretch
    1. Pelvic Afferent nerves receive signal
    2. Send to sacral region of spinal cord
    3. Efferent nerve (Sacral PNS nerves) relax internal urinary sphincter and contract detrusor muscle of bladder. We voluntarily open the external urinary sphincter (Inhibit motor neurons to relax and open bladder).
19
Q

What are Aldosterone’s 3 mecahnisms

A
  1. Increase ENAcs in DCT
  2. Increase Na/K exchange
  3. Increase H/Na exchange
20
Q

Lasix does what

A

Blocks salt reabsorbtion in Ascending loop ( hurts countercurrent mechanism)

21
Q

Hypoxemia (hypoxic hypoxemia)

A

Not enough O2 in blood

22
Q

Anemic Hypoxia

A

Low Hemoglobin levels

23
Q

Ischemic hypoxia (stagnant)

A

Not enough blood flow

24
Q

Histotoxic hypoxia

A

Toxin impairs O2 usage

25
Q

Why is there an increase of ventilation at high atltitude

A

Because the O2 levels are lower
Causes a decline in CO2 and H, which increases pH (more basic)

26
Q

Left shift or Right shift at high altitude

A

Left shift- easier unloading of O2 at lungs, harder to unload at tissues because blood is desaturated
Low O2 stimulates EPO to increase hematocrit

27
Q

in ASD, what is the concern

A

R atrium to L atrium (foramen ovale)

28
Q

In AVSD what is the problem

A

No septum– 2 chamber heart, no top or bottom, just left and right

29
Q

In VSD what is the problem

A

Hole in ventricle

30
Q

In PDA what occurs

A

vessel from pulm artery to aorta stays open

31
Q

Cervical portion of respiration

A

Connect to phrenic nerve, control diaphragm

32
Q

What is thoracic portion of respiration

A

Control intercostal muscles–> still automatic control via prebotzinger complex, just intercostals

33
Q

What ion has the strongest impact on Chemoreceptors

A

CO2

34
Q

Where is the central chemoreceptor sensing CO2

A

Senses CO2 in medulla in CSF

35
Q

Where are peripheral chemoreceptors sensing CO2

A

In periphery– blood– carotid and aortic bodies (sinusoidal capillaries)

36
Q

What is the medullary chemoreceptor activation

A

CO2 can’t enter blood brain barrier, H+ can. H+ stimulates chemoreceptors in medulla

37
Q

Describe the C- fiber activation and non-chemical reflexive action on ventilation

A

Found next to pulmonary capillaries (Juxtamedullary receptors)
Stimulatd by hyperinflation or capsaicin
Caused the pulmonary reflex–> Apnea causes rapid breathing, bradycardia, hypotension

38
Q

What causes the pulmonary reflex

A

Apnea–>bradycardia, hypotension, rapid breathing
Ending of C-fibers causes it

39
Q

Describe the differences between Sneezing and Coughing

A

Sneeze–> Open glottis
Cough–>Closed Glottis
Sneeze–>reflexive from irritatnts in nasal mucosa
Cough–>reflexive from irratents in trachea/bronchi
Innervation of Cough: Vagus and closopharyngeal
Innervation of Sneeze: Trigeminal

40
Q

Describe afferent neuron sensitivity to CO2 and exercise

A

Afferent neurons become more sensitive to CO2, so it takes less cO2 to activate them (causing increased ventilation)

41
Q

What are the 2 angiotensin receptors and their purpose

A
  1. AT1a– blood vessels, brain
  2. AT1B– anterior pituitary and adrenal cortex
42
Q

What are the 3 receptors of vasopressin/ADH

A

V2–> ADH impacts (Increase aquaporin 2 channels on collecting duct)
V1a–> Vasoconstriction
V1b–> Anterior pituitary–> ACTH release

Physiology unit 4 (5 decks)

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