Last Exam Flashcards
The phenomenon of “phantom limb” is difficult to explain using the _______ of pain.
Direct pathway model
The phenomenon of “phantom limb” is difficult to explain using the _______ of pain.
Direct pathway
The________ are responsible for the perception of rapid vibrations, such as you would experience when using a handheld massager.
Pacinian corpuscle
The area on S1 associated with the thumb is as large as the area for the forearm. This is an example of:
a. braille projection
b. cortical magnification
c. the analgesic inversion principle
d. sensory substitution
cortical magnification
The phrase “multimodal nature of pain” refers to:
a. pain that occurs from too much heat or cold
b. real and imagined sources of pain
c. pain that occurs from sounds that are too loud and skin stimulation that is too intense
d. sensory and emotional components of pain
sensory and emotional components of pain.
Which of the following is NOT a mechanoreceptor?
a. Pacinian corpuscle b. Merkel receptors c. Chancellor cells d. Ruffini cylinders
Chancellor cells
The duplex theory of perception refers to the importance of
temporal cues and spatial cues
In most of our daily experience of touch, we are using
a. two-point touch. b. two-hand touch. c. passive touch. d. active touch.
active touch
Jan is a right-handed violin player – she bows with her right hand and fingers the strings with her left. The cortical representation for the fingers on her left hand is
a. smaller than the area for the fingers on the left hand of a non-musician. b. larger than the area for the fingers on the left hand of a non-musician. c. equal to the area for the fingers on the left hand of a non-musician. d. equal to the area for the fingers on her right hand.
b.larger than the area for the fingers on the left hand of a non-musician.
The nerve fibers in the spinal cord go in
a. the medial lemniscal pathway only. b. both the medial lemniscal pathway and the spinothalamic pathway. c. the geniculostriate pathway only. d. the spinothalamic pathway only.
b.both the medial lemniscal pathway and the spinothalamic pathway.
Which of the following body parts has the lowest two-point threshold?
fingertips
Mueller et al. created a strain of mice that lacked the receptor that normally responds to a bitter substance called Cyx. The mice without this receptor
Did not avoid Cyx
The orbital frontal cortex receives input from
a. the visual pathways. b. the primary somatosensory cortex. c. the primary cortical areas for taste and olfaction. d. all of these.
d. all of these
The difference between “tasters” and “non-tasters” in the ability to taste PROP is due to:
a. both higher taste bud density and specialized receptors for “tasters.” b. a higher density of taste buds for “tasters” than “non-tasters.” c. specialized receptors present in “tasters” tongues that are absent from “non-tasters.” d. a lower density of taste buds for “tasters” than “non-tasters.”
both higher taste bud density and specialized receptors for “tasters.
The central part of the tongue has no taste sensations because that part consists primarily of _______ papillae which do not contain taste buds.
a. fungiform b. filiform c. foliate d. circumvillate
b. filoform
Uchida’s optical imaging research showed that larger carbon chains activate areas on the olfactory bulb that are
a. located more to the right. b. located more to the left. c. randomly distributed across the glomeruli. d. more centrally located.
located more to the left
Evidence for ______ is provided by an Erickson (1963) study in which rats appeared to be unable to discriminate between two different solutions that produce a similar taste.
a. olfactory decoding. b. specificity coding. c. common coding. d. distributed coding.
distributed coding
Dogs are more sensitive to smells than humans because
a. each individual olfactory receptor is more sensitive in dogs than in humans. b. humans have more olfactory receptors than dogs. c. dogs tend to be microsmatic. d. dogs have many more olfactory receptors than humans.
dogs have many more olfactory receptors than humans
Flavor is the impression a person gets from
a. taste only. b. the combination of olfaction, taste, and vision. c. the combination of olfaction and kinesthesis. d. the combination of olfaction and taste
the combination of olfaction and taste
“Across-fiber patterns” is another name for
a. distributed coding. b. olfactory decoding. c. specificity coding. d. common coding.
distributed coding
The “life-span” of olfactory receptors in humans is
a. 7 years. b. 1 day. c. 5 to 7 weeks. d. 60 years.
5 to 7 weeks
Objects with their bases closer to the horizon are usually seen as being more distant. This is know as
Relative height
According to the cue of ___________, when two objects are of equal size, the one that is further away will take up less of your field of view than the one that is closer
Relative size
What is “familiar size?”
Judging distances based on prior knowledge of the sizes of objects
—— occurs when distant objects appear less sharp that nearer objects and often have a slight blue fine.
Atmospheric perspective
What is texture gradient?
Elements that are equally spaced in a scene appear to be nor closely packed as distance increases.
—– occurs when nearby objects appear to glide rapidly past us, but more distance objects appear to move more slowly
Motion parallax
What are points on the retina that overlap of the eyes are superimposed on each other?
Corresponding retinal points
The angle of disparity is ______ for objects at greater distances from the ________.
Greater
Hooper
Who discovered the stereoscope?
Charles Wheatstone
What neurons are responsible for stereo paid?
Disparity-selective neurons
What is visual angle?
The angle of an object relative to the observer’s eye.
The results of Holway and Boring’s hallway and circle experiment indicated that ________ is based on the actual size of objects when there is _________ _______ _________, but that size estimation is strongly influenced by the object’s ________ _______ when depth information is eliminated
Size estimation
Good depth information
Eliminated
What is the size-distance equation?
S=K(R*D)
What is Emmetts law?
The farther away an afterimage appears, the larger it will seem.
What theory states that our perception of line length depends on the actual length of the vertical lines as well as the overall length of th figure?
Conflicting cues theory
What is an insects most important method of judging distance?
Movement parallax
When does divergence and convergence reliably direct a child’s eyes?
When they are about 3 months of age
When do infants begin to use pictorial cues?
Between five to seven months of age
When do infants gain the ability to use familiar size to perceive depth?
Between 5 to 7 months
When do infants perforce depth information provided by shadows that are cast?
About seven months
what is the physical definition of sound?
sound is pressure changes in the air or other medium
what is the perceptual definition of sound?
sound is the experience we have when we hear.
a pattern of air pressure changes that travels through the air at 340 meters per second, is known as a
sound wave
how fast can a sound wave travel through water?
1,500 meters per second
define a sound’s frequency
the number of cycles per second that the change in pressure repeats.
sound frequency is measured in
hertz
humans can perceive frequencies ranging from _____ to ______
20 hz to 20,000 hz
the threshold of pain lies at…
140 decibels
According to Gregory’s misapplied size constancy scaling hypothesis, we perceive the “arrows pointing out” (^) version of the Muller-Lyer illusion as
a. longer, because it is perceived as being closer.
b. shorter, because it is perceived as further away.
c. longer, because it is perceived as being further away.
d. shorter, because it is perceived as being closer.
d. shorter, because it is perceived as being closer.
________ is the difference in the images in the two eyes; _____ is the impression of depth that results from this information.
a. Binocular disparity; convergence
b. Binocular disparity; stereopsis
c. Deletion; accretion
d. Accretion; deletion
b. Binocular disparity; stereopsis
According to the ________ theory of the moon illusion, the overhead moon appears smaller when it is surrounded by a large amount of sky.
a. apparent-distance
b. angular size-contrast
c. stimulus deprivation
d. ocular dominance
b. angular size-contrast
Of the oculomotor depth cues, convergence is ___________ than accommodation.
a. equally effective
b. less effective
c. more effective
d. less automatic
c. more effective
The key to the Ames Room illusion is
a. people of a wide range of physical heights are put in the room.
b. the room is constructed of rectangular walls, but looks trapezoidal to the viewer.
c. the room is constructed of trapezoids, but looks rectangular to the observer.
d. all depth cues except binocular disparity are eliminated.
c. the room is constructed of trapezoids, but looks rectangular to the observer.
Blake and Hirsch (1975) use selective rearing of kittens to show that
a. kittens are born with fully developed binocular cells.
b. disparity-selective neurons are responsible for stereopsis.
c. binocular neurons are not necessary for stereopsis.
d. severing the optic chiasm increases the number of binocular cells.
b. disparity-selective neurons are responsible for stereopsis.
_______ is a term used to describe conditions in which movements between the two eyes are not coordinated.
a. Oculomotor instability
b. Ciliary disjunctive disorder
c. Strabismus
d. Macular degeneration
c. Strabismus
An insect is most likely to use ______ to perceive depth.
a. atmospheric perspective.
b. movement parallax
c. size information
d. all of these
b. movement parallax
The importance of _______________ is that these stimuli rely solely on binocular disparity to provide the impression of depth.
a. gradient patterns
b. lenticular projections
c. stereographic photographs
d. random dot stereograms
d. random dot stereograms
Motion parallax
a. is not an effective cue for robot vision.
b. occurs when near objects are perceived as moving slower than distant objects.
c. is widely used to create depth in cartoons and video games. ** (page 233; factual)
d. is an important depth cue for amphibians, but not mammals.
c. is widely used to create depth in cartoons
The outer hair cells respond to sound by slightly tilting and changing length. Because of the consequence of this, the action of the outer hair cells is called the
a. the traveling wave.
b. the cochlear amplifier.
c. the tuning response.
d. phase lock mechanism.
b. the cochlear amplifier.
Bendor and Wang (2005), when presenting a complex tone with a 182 Hz fundamental frequency to a marmoset, found a neuron that responded to a 182-Hz tone when presented alone but not when any of the harmonics were presented alone. The neuron that responded just to 182-Hz tone is an example of a(n) _______ neuron.
a. pitch
b. amplitude
c. plasticity
d. spectral
a. pitch
A frequency spectrum shows a tone that is composed of a frequency of 440 Hz, 880 Hz, and 1320 Hz. The 880 Hz and 1320 Hz frequencies are called _____ in this example.
a. fundamental frequencies
b. tertiary frequencies
c. harmonics
d. quadratic frequencies
c. harmonics
Békésy’s place theory of hearing proposes that the frequency of a sound is
a. the place along the organ of Corti at which the nerve firing is highest.
b. based on whether the sound is processed through the round window or the oval window.
c. based on how much the outer hair cells are bent.
d. based on how much the inner hair cells are bent.
a. the place along the organ of Corti at which the nerve firing is highest.
The role of the middle ear is
a. to amplify vibrations from the air for transmission through liquid.
b. to initiate the process of transduction via hair cells.
c. to localize sounds in the environment.
d. to enable fine-tuned frequency analyses of complex tonal stimuli.
a. to amplify vibrations from the air for transmission through liquid.
The speed of sound through air is
a. 340 meters per second.
b. 3000 meters per second.
c. 1500 meters per second.
d. 50 meters per second.
a. 340 meters per second.
Pitch is primarily determined by the ______ of the sound wave.
a. frequency
b. decibels
c. clarity
d. amplitude
a. frequency
Helen Keller, who was born deaf and blind, felt that being ____ was worse because _________.
a. blind; it isolated her from things
b. blind; it made it difficult to walk without help
c. deaf; it isolated her from people
d. deaf; she couldn’t hear music
c. deaf; it isolated her from people
The range of human hearing is between _____ Hz.
a. 20 and 20,000
b. 10 and 200
c. 20 and 50,000
d. 10 and 2000
a. 20 and 20,000
Hearing loss that occurs as a function of age is called
a. aural ataxia.
b. presbycusis.
c. anosmia.
b. presbycusis.
Patient J.G. has temporal lobe damage. While this has not affected his ability to locate sounds, he has difficulty recognizing sounds. This case provides evidence for
a. the existence of separate subcortical structures.
b. what and where pathways in audition.
c. the Jeffress model of auditory localization.
d. how and where pathways in audition.
b. what and where pathways in audition.
Hofmann et al. had participants wear artificial pinnae for about three weeks. Which of the following was a result of their study?
a. Participants adapted in about 19 days, and then could accurately localize sounds when they removed the artificial pinnae.
b. Participants could not adapt to wearing the artificial pinnae.
c. Participants adapted in about 19 days, but then could not accurately localize sounds when they removed the artificial pinnae.
d. Participants could not localize sounds along the azimuth with the new pinnae, but could localize sounds along the elevation coordinate after 3 days of adaptation.
a. Participants adapted in about 19 days, and then could accurately localize sounds when they removed the artificial pinnae.
The ____ is important for binaural localization because it is where signals from the left and right ears first meet.
a. cochlear nucleus
b. superior olivary nucleus
c. medial geniculate nucleus
d. inferior colliculus
b. superior olivary nucleus
The ______ is the dominant cue for locating low-frequency sounds along the azimuth.
a. HRTF only
b. Both ITD and ILD are equally effective.
c. ITD
d. ILD
c. ITD
The ___________ is composed of the locations where the ILD and ITD are the same.
a. cone of confusion
b. Jeffries tube
c. common region
d. inverse acoustic range
a. cone of confusion
Melodic channeling, or the scale illusion, is based on the auditory grouping law ________.
a. onset
b. location
c. offset
d. similarity of pitch
d. similarity of pitch
Coincidence detectors
a. fire when the ITD equals 0.
b. fire when the ILD is greater than 50.
c. have been found in humans, but not in non-mammals.
d. fire when the ITD is greater than 20.
a. fire when the ITD equals 0.
The “ideal” reverberation time for symphony halls is
a. 2 seconds.
b. 500 milliseconds.
c. 50 milliseconds.
d. 7 seconds.
a. 2 seconds.
Which of the following is NOT a coordinate system for auditory localization?
a. depth
b. time
c. azimuth
d. elevation
b. time
The precedence effect is
Selected Answer:
a. the listener cannot fuse the sound from two speakers because the lead speaker is too loud.
b. the listener perceives the fused sound from two speakers to be originating from the lead speaker.
c. the listener cannot fuse the sound from two speakers because the lag speaker is too loud.
d. the listener perceives the fused sound from two speakers to be originating from the lag speaker.
b. the listener perceives the fused sound from two speakers to be originating from the lead speaker.
