Exam 2 Flashcards
Yellow and Blue light are projected on a white screen. What color will the screen appear to be?
White
Two stimuli that are physically different, but are perceptually identical, are called
metamers.
Which of the following was NOT an opponent mechanism proposed by Hering?
Blue (+); Green (-)
Uchikawa et al. demonstrated how _________ can explain why color constancy occurs.
chromatic adaptation
Blue and yellow paints mixed together yield
green
The reflectance curve is a plot of the light reflected off a surface as a function of
Wavelength
The basic colors in the color circle are
red green blue and yellow
According to the ratio principle
lightness constancy will occur as long as the ratio of light reflected from a white surface and a black surface remain constant.
a unilateral dichromat:
has trichromatic vision in one eye and dichromatic vision in the other eye.
The trichromatic theory of color vision states that color perception is due to
the pattern of activity in three different receptors
Percy is injected with a drug that paralyzes his eye muscles. When he is instructed to try to move his eye when looking a stationary scene, he perceives
movement, because there is a CDS, but not an IDS.
According to Corollary Discharge Theory, movement is perceived when
the comparator receives the corollary discharge signal alone or image displacement signal alone.
Britten, and Movshon found that as the coherence between the dots’ direction of movement increased
The MT neuron fired more rapidly
A mouse “freezes” when it sees a cat nearby. This assists the mouse’s survival because
being motionless reduces both the attention-attracting effect of motion, and the chance that the cat will see the mouse against the background.
Presenting transcranial magnetic stimulation to the area of the STS in humans
decreased the person’s ability to perceive biological motion
Larsen et al. (2006) showed that the activation of brain areas is
similar when viewing apparent motion and real motion
Freyd (1983) presented two pictures sequentially that implied motion, such as a person jumping off a low wall. In the “same” condition, the second picture was identical to the first; in the “time-forward” condition, the second picture was the jumper closer to the ground; and in the “time-backward condition, the jumper was further from the ground. The observer’s task was to respond whether or not the two pictures were the “same” or “different.” The response time was longest for
The “time forward” condition
Our ability to perceive movement when reading “message boards” used in advertising, is based on
apparent movement
A “point-light walker” wears lights on different body locations. When viewed in a dark room, an observer would perceive a(n)
person when the point-light walker is moving
Real-motion neurons found in the monkey cortex fire when _____ moves, but do not fire when _____ moves.
Stimulus: the eye
“Optical flow neurons” have been found in the monkey’s
medial superior temporal (MST) area
Information that remains constant even though the observer is moving is called
invariant information
Mirror neurons in the monkey fire
when the monkey sees the experimenter grasp a piece of food, and when the monkey also grasps the food.
The movement of elements of the environment relative to the observer is called
optic flow
In Janzen and vanTurennout’s study of using landmarks as “decision points” in a navigating through a museum, participants
had greater brain activation in the parahippocampal gyrus for “decision points” than “non-decision points.”
Which statement is true concerning the focus of expansion?
It always occurs at the point you are moving toward
The neurons that signal the monkey’s intention to grab an object are mostly found in the
The Parietal Reach Region (PRR)
According to Land and Lee, drivers negotiate curves by
Using information in addition to optic flow
Lee et al.’s “Swinging Room” studies found that
children will lean back when a forward-swaying flow pattern was created
Hamid et al. (2010) had participants navigate a maze while recording their eye movements. The maze contained landmarks on the walls at corners and at other positions that would not aid maze navigation. After participants learned the maze, the researchers removed half of the landmarks. The results of this study revealed that
performance decreased when landmarks were removed that had been viewed longer
The important finding of Carrasco et al.’s (2004) research was that
the attended-to grating is perceived to have a higher contrast than another, identical grating
According to Treisman, the ______ stage is the “glue” that combines all the incoming information about an object.
Focused attention
________ described attention as “the taking possession of the mind, in clear and vivid form, of one out of what seem several simultaneously possible objects or trains of thought.”
James
One aspect of the visual system that helps us select specific information from the environment for processing is
the concentration of cones in the fovea
Egly et al. (1994) showed that precueing increases the efficiency of information processing
When the cue appears in the same rectangle as the target stimulus
Simons and Chabris showed a video of students passing a basketball and asked participants to count how many passes made. In the video, a person in a gorilla suit walked through the basketball players for 5 seconds. Approximately how many of the participants reported seeing the “gorilla”?
46
Larissa looks at a still picture of a football game. She uses her knowledge of football to look at the quarterback first, then the running backs, then the wide receivers, then the linebackers. This is an example of using ________ to guide attention.
knowledge
Parkhurst et al. (2002) showed that observers make initial fixations in a visual scene based on
stimulus saliency
In an fMRI study by Datta and DeYoe (2009), participants covertly shifted their attention within a display. This shifting of attention resulted in the activation of
different brain regions because the participant was attending to different locations
Posner’s precueing studies demonstrated that attention
increases the efficiency of information processing.
Research has shown that an infant can visually recognize his/her mother’s face from
The contrast between her hairline and the forehead
In studies with monkeys, Sheinberg and Logothetis (1997) presented a butterfly to one eye and a sunburst pattern to the other eye. This research demonstrated that
Changes in perception are related to cortical neuron firing
The ______ decoder is intended to discriminate between different categories of images, such as outdoor scenes and portraits.
semantic
“Viewpoint invariance” means
humans can easily recognize objects when seen from different viewpoints.
Kamitani and Tong (2005) developed “orientation decoders”. When eight orientations were tested, the decoders were able to correctly predict what orientation a person was looking at on _____ of the trials
100%
When Palmer (1975) showed observers a kitchen scene and then a target picture, which picture was identified correctly 80% of the time?
A loaf of bread, because it matches the context of the scene
Which of the following is a global image feature, according to Oliva and Torralba?
a. degree of naturalness
b. degree of openness
c. color
d. All of these are global image features.
d. All of these are global image features.
The demonstration of apparent movement provides support for the Gestalt approach because
The phenomenon cannot be explained by sensations alone.
Border ownership means that when figure-ground segregation occurs, the border between the figure and background
is perceived to be associated with the figure.
In one reversible figure/ground study, Gibson and Peterson (1994) used an image in which one area looks like a woman when upright, but does not resemble anything when turned upside down. Their general finding was that
meaningfulness of an image had a large effect on figure-ground segregation.
