Exam 2

Question 1

Yellow and Blue light are projected on a white screen. What color will the screen appear to be?

Answer 1

White

Question 2

Two stimuli that are physically different, but are perceptually identical, are called

Answer 2

metamers.

Question 3

Which of the following was NOT an opponent mechanism proposed by Hering?

Answer 3

Blue (+); Green (-)

Question 4

Uchikawa et al. demonstrated how _________ can explain why color constancy occurs.

Answer 4

chromatic adaptation

Question 5

Blue and yellow paints mixed together yield

Answer 5

green

Question 6

The reflectance curve is a plot of the light reflected off a surface as a function of

Answer 6

Wavelength

Question 7

The basic colors in the color circle are

Answer 7

red green blue and yellow

Question 8

According to the ratio principle

Answer 8

lightness constancy will occur as long as the ratio of light reflected from a white surface and a black surface remain constant.

Question 9

a unilateral dichromat:

Answer 9

has trichromatic vision in one eye and dichromatic vision in the other eye.

Question 10

The trichromatic theory of color vision states that color perception is due to

Answer 10

the pattern of activity in three different receptors

Question 11

Percy is injected with a drug that paralyzes his eye muscles. When he is instructed to try to move his eye when looking a stationary scene, he perceives

Answer 11

movement, because there is a CDS, but not an IDS.

Question 12

According to Corollary Discharge Theory, movement is perceived when

Answer 12

the comparator receives the corollary discharge signal alone or image displacement signal alone.

Question 13

Britten, and Movshon found that as the coherence between the dots’ direction of movement increased

Answer 13

The MT neuron fired more rapidly

Question 14

A mouse “freezes” when it sees a cat nearby. This assists the mouse’s survival because

Answer 14

being motionless reduces both the attention-attracting effect of motion, and the chance that the cat will see the mouse against the background.

Question 15

Presenting transcranial magnetic stimulation to the area of the STS in humans

Answer 15

decreased the person’s ability to perceive biological motion

Question 16

Larsen et al. (2006) showed that the activation of brain areas is

Answer 16

similar when viewing apparent motion and real motion

Question 17

Freyd (1983) presented two pictures sequentially that implied motion, such as a person jumping off a low wall. In the “same” condition, the second picture was identical to the first; in the “time-forward” condition, the second picture was the jumper closer to the ground; and in the “time-backward condition, the jumper was further from the ground. The observer’s task was to respond whether or not the two pictures were the “same” or “different.” The response time was longest for

Answer 17

The “time forward” condition

Question 18

Our ability to perceive movement when reading “message boards” used in advertising, is based on

Answer 18

apparent movement

Question 19

A “point-light walker” wears lights on different body locations. When viewed in a dark room, an observer would perceive a(n)

Answer 19

person when the point-light walker is moving

Question 20

Real-motion neurons found in the monkey cortex fire when _____ moves, but do not fire when _____ moves.

Answer 20

Stimulus: the eye

Question 21

“Optical flow neurons” have been found in the monkey’s

Answer 21

medial superior temporal (MST) area

Question 22

Information that remains constant even though the observer is moving is called

Answer 22

invariant information

Question 23

Mirror neurons in the monkey fire

Answer 23

when the monkey sees the experimenter grasp a piece of food, and when the monkey also grasps the food.

Question 24

The movement of elements of the environment relative to the observer is called

Answer 24

optic flow

Question 25

In Janzen and vanTurennout’s study of using landmarks as “decision points” in a navigating through a museum, participants

Answer 25

had greater brain activation in the parahippocampal gyrus for “decision points” than “non-decision points.”

Question 26

Which statement is true concerning the focus of expansion?

Answer 26

It always occurs at the point you are moving toward

Question 27

The neurons that signal the monkey’s intention to grab an object are mostly found in the

Answer 27

The Parietal Reach Region (PRR)

Question 28

According to Land and Lee, drivers negotiate curves by

Answer 28

Using information in addition to optic flow

Question 29

Lee et al.’s “Swinging Room” studies found that

Answer 29

children will lean back when a forward-swaying flow pattern was created

Question 30

Hamid et al. (2010) had participants navigate a maze while recording their eye movements. The maze contained landmarks on the walls at corners and at other positions that would not aid maze navigation. After participants learned the maze, the researchers removed half of the landmarks. The results of this study revealed that

Answer 30

performance decreased when landmarks were removed that had been viewed longer

Question 31

The important finding of Carrasco et al.’s (2004) research was that

Answer 31

the attended-to grating is perceived to have a higher contrast than another, identical grating

Question 32

According to Treisman, the ______ stage is the “glue” that combines all the incoming information about an object.

Answer 32

Focused attention

Question 33

________ described attention as “the taking possession of the mind, in clear and vivid form, of one out of what seem several simultaneously possible objects or trains of thought.”

Answer 33

James

Question 34

One aspect of the visual system that helps us select specific information from the environment for processing is

Answer 34

the concentration of cones in the fovea

Question 35

Egly et al. (1994) showed that precueing increases the efficiency of information processing

Answer 35

When the cue appears in the same rectangle as the target stimulus

Question 36

Simons and Chabris showed a video of students passing a basketball and asked participants to count how many passes made. In the video, a person in a gorilla suit walked through the basketball players for 5 seconds. Approximately how many of the participants reported seeing the “gorilla”?

Answer 36

46

Question 37

Larissa looks at a still picture of a football game. She uses her knowledge of football to look at the quarterback first, then the running backs, then the wide receivers, then the linebackers. This is an example of using ________ to guide attention.

Answer 37

knowledge

Question 38

Parkhurst et al. (2002) showed that observers make initial fixations in a visual scene based on

Answer 38

stimulus saliency

Question 39

In an fMRI study by Datta and DeYoe (2009), participants covertly shifted their attention within a display. This shifting of attention resulted in the activation of

Answer 39

different brain regions because the participant was attending to different locations

Question 40

Posner’s precueing studies demonstrated that attention

Answer 40

increases the efficiency of information processing.

Question 41

Research has shown that an infant can visually recognize his/her mother’s face from

Answer 41

The contrast between her hairline and the forehead

Question 42

In studies with monkeys, Sheinberg and Logothetis (1997) presented a butterfly to one eye and a sunburst pattern to the other eye. This research demonstrated that

Answer 42

Changes in perception are related to cortical neuron firing

Question 43

The ______ decoder is intended to discriminate between different categories of images, such as outdoor scenes and portraits.

Answer 43

semantic

Question 44

“Viewpoint invariance” means

Answer 44

humans can easily recognize objects when seen from different viewpoints.

Question 45

Kamitani and Tong (2005) developed “orientation decoders”. When eight orientations were tested, the decoders were able to correctly predict what orientation a person was looking at on _____ of the trials

Answer 45

100%

Question 46

When Palmer (1975) showed observers a kitchen scene and then a target picture, which picture was identified correctly 80% of the time?

Answer 46

A loaf of bread, because it matches the context of the scene

Question 47

Which of the following is a global image feature, according to Oliva and Torralba?

a. degree of naturalness
b. degree of openness
c. color
d. All of these are global image features.

Answer 47

d. All of these are global image features.

Question 48

The demonstration of apparent movement provides support for the Gestalt approach because

Answer 48

The phenomenon cannot be explained by sensations alone.

Question 49

Border ownership means that when figure-ground segregation occurs, the border between the figure and background

Answer 49

is perceived to be associated with the figure.

Question 50

In one reversible figure/ground study, Gibson and Peterson (1994) used an image in which one area looks like a woman when upright, but does not resemble anything when turned upside down. Their general finding was that

Answer 50

meaningfulness of an image had a large effect on figure-ground segregation.