last chapters

Question 1

virus

Answer 1

an infectious agent having a simple acellular organization with a protein coat and a nucleic acid genome, lacking independent metabolism, and multiplying only within living host cells (contain protein and nucleic acid; double-stranded or single-stranded).

Question 2

Virion

Answer 2

a mature/complete virus particle; consists of a protein capsid surrounding a single nucleic acid molecule.

Question 3

Viroid

Answer 3

an infectious agent that is a circular single-stranded RNA not associated with any protein; the RNA does not code for any proteins and is not translated; requires host cell DNA-dependent RNA polymerase. (only RNA; plant disease)

Question 4

Prion

Answer 4

an infectious agent consisting only of protein; prions cause a variety of spongiform encephalopathies such as scrapie in sheep.

Question 5

Satellite

Answer 5

subviral infectious agents composed of DNA or RNA encapsulated with the aid of an unrelated helper virus (either DNA or RNA).

Question 6

Prophage

Answer 6

bacteriophage genome inserted and integrated into the circular bacterial DNA chromosome or existing as a plasmid.

Question 7

Provirus

Answer 7

the genetic material of a virus as incorporated into, and able to replicate with, the genome of a host cell.

Question 8

Retrovirus

Answer 8

a type of virus that converts single-stranded RNA into double-stranded DNA using reverse transcriptase (HIV).

Question 9

Tropism

Answer 9

the selective infection of certain organisms or host tissues by a virus due to the presence of the specific receptor on the surface of tissues to which the virus binds.

Question 10

Viral plaques

Answer 10

a clear area in a lawn of bacterial cells that results from their lysis by virus.

Question 11

Plaque-forming Units (PFU)

Answer 11

determines the lowest concentration of virus that still infects cells; the unit of measure of a plaque assay. It usually represents a single infectious virion.

Question 12

SARS-CoV-2 genome

Answer 12

severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; RNA genome.

Question 13

What is a receptor for SARS-CoV-2?

Answer 13

ACE2

Question 14

cultivation of virus

Answer 14

Growth of viruses requires inoculation of appropriate living host.

Question 15

Mutualism

Answer 15

type of symbiosis in which both partners gain from the association and are dependent on each other.

Question 16

Commensalism

Answer 16

a type of symbiosis in which one partner benefits from the association and the other derives neither benefit nor harm.

Question 17

Predation

Answer 17

a type of symbiosis in which at least one species benefits while the other dies.

Question 18

Parasitism

Answer 18

a type of symbiosis in which one organism benefits from the other and the host is usually harmed.

Question 19

Microbiota

Answer 19

all the microbes found in a habitat.

Question 20

Microflora

Answer 20

bacteria and other organisms that live inside the intestines

Question 21

Bifidobacteria

Answer 21

Found in sewage, fermented milk, and anaerobic digestion facilities, along with gastrointestinal tracts of breastfed babies.

Question 22

Probiotic

Answer 22

a living microorganism that may provide health benefits beyond its nutritional value when ingested.