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All chapters Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is Fimbriae (fimbria)?

A

-Short, thin, hairlike, protein appendages.
- Can help with attachment to surfaces, motility, DNA uptake.

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2
Q

what is Pili (pilus)

A
  • Longer, thicker, less numerous.
  • Used for attachment and genetic exchange during conjugation.
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3
Q

what is flagella (flagellum)?

A

threadlike, locomotor appendages extending outward from plasma membrane and cell wall.
-used for attachment
-powered by proton motive force

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4
Q

what 3 parts are flagella composed of?

A

filament, hook, basal body

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5
Q

What is chemotaxis?

A

Bacteria move in response to a chemical stimulus.

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6
Q

How does flagellum rotate?

A

like a propeller

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7
Q

What does runs mean?

A

runs towards nutrients; counterclockwise rotation causes forward motion

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8
Q

what does tumbles mean?

A

tumbles away from toxins; clockwise rotation disrupts run causing cell to stop

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9
Q

do all bacteria have a cell wall?

A

false, not all

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10
Q

what are bacteria that lack cell wall called?

A

pleomorphic and osmotically sensitive

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11
Q

Mycoplasmas

A

bacteria lacking a cell wall.

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12
Q

Glycocalyx

A

composed of polysaccharides, proteins, or both. Aids in attachments to solid surfaces. (outside cell wall)

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13
Q

capsules

A

well organized and not easily removed from the cell.
-Composed of polysaccharides.
➢ Resistant to phagocytosis, protects from desiccation (getting dried out), and encapsulates bacterial cells to have greater pathogenicity.

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14
Q

slime layers function

A

ike capsules except diffuse, are unorganized, and easily removed from the cell.

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15
Q

what do slime layers do ?

A

➢ Help bacteria with movement by aiding in a gliding motion.
➢ Protects from pH fluctuations, osmotic stress, enzymes, and predation.
➢ Maintains shape and rigidity, promotes adhesion to surfaces.

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16
Q

gram-positve bacteria

A

thick peptidoglycan cell wall; stains purple during Gram staining.

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17
Q

gram-negative bacteria

A

thin peptidoglycan cell wall with an outer membrane composed of lipids and lipopolysaccharides (LPS); stains red/pink during Gram staining.

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18
Q

Which are more complex gram-negative bacteria or gram-postive bacteria ? why?

A

Gram-negative cell wall structure is more complex

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19
Q

what are the sites of action for antibacterial drugs?

A

Sites of action:
Inhibit cell wall synthesis (penicillins)
Depolarize the cell membrane
Inhibit protein synthesis( translation)
Inhibit nuclei acid synthesis (replication and transcription)
Inhibit metabolic pathways in bacteria

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20
Q

Aminoglycosides

A

broad spectrum, bactericidal, bind to 30S ribosomal subunit, interfere with protein synthesis by directly inhibiting the process and by causing misreading of the messenger RNA.

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21
Q

Tetracyclines

A

broad spectrum, bacteriostatic, target the 30S subunit of the ribosome inhibiting protein synthesis.

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22
Q

what is the Kirby-Bauer Method?

A

widely used to determine the sensitivity or resistance of bacteria to various antimicrobial compounds.
-Standard method for disk diffusion test.
➢ Sensitivity/resistance determined by measuring diameter of no growth around disks and by using tables relating zone diameter with microbial resistance.

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23
Q

what is the E test for?

A

similar to the Kirby-Bauer test, but instead of a disk, a strip is used.
➢ Intersection of elliptical zone of inhibition with strip indicates minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC).

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24
Q

Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC)

A

lowest concentration of drug that inhibits growth of pathogen.

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25
Q

Minimal Lethal Concentration (MLC)

A

lowest concentration of drug that kills pathogen.

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26
Q

Narrow-spectrum Antimicrobial Agents

A

target only a few different pathogens.

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27
Q

Broad-spectrum Antimicrobial

A

target many different pathogens.

28
Q

Tamiflu

A

Anti-influenza agent.
- A neuraminidase inhibitor.
- Though not a cure for influenza, has been shown to shorten course of illness

29
Q

Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs)

A

target and interfere with critical steps in viral replicative processes.

30
Q

Zidovudine (AZT)

A

slows the progression of HIV by blocking reverse transcriptase.

31
Q

Protease inhibitors (PIs)

A

block the activity of HIV protease needed for the production of all viral proteins.

32
Q

Nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs)

A

prevent HIV DNA synthesis by selectively binding to and inhibiting the viral reverse transcriptase enzyme.

33
Q

Negative regulation

A

mechanism that blocks transcription; occurs when the protein (repressor) binds to DNA to inhibit transcription initiation. Loss of negative regulation results in higher expression of the regulated genes.
-binds to operator

34
Q

Positive regulation

A

mechanism that enhance transcription; occurs when the protein (activator) binds to DNA to promote transcription initiation. It usually involves improving the binding of the complete DNA polymerase to a promoter. Loss of positive control results in low gene expression.

35
Q

Operon

A

in bacteria, the sequence of bases in DNA that contains a promoter and one or more structural genes and often an operator or activator-binding site that controls their expression.

36
Q

Inducible

A

off by default and can be turned on by the substrates of the enzyme they code for and made only when the substrate is present.

37
Q

Repressible

A

on by default and can be turned off by the product made by the enzyme.

38
Q

Nonsense Mutation

A

a mutation that converts a sense codon to a nonsense (stop) codon.

39
Q

Missense Mutations

A

a single base substitution in DNA that changes a codon for one amino acid into a codon for another.

40
Q

Plasmid

A

a double-stranded DNA molecule that can exist and replicate independently of the chromosome; normally carriers antibiotic resistance genes.

41
Q

Conjugation

A

the transfer of DNA molecules between bacteria involving direct contact.
➢ Aided by a protein bridge called pilus.
➢ Depends on an extra piece of DNA known as plasmid.

42
Q

Transformation

A

the uptake of free DNA by a cell through the environment

43
Q

Transduction

A

the transfer of genes between bacterial or archaeal cells by viruses.
Viruses (bacteriophages) can carry out the lyctic cycle (host cell is destroyed) or viral SNA integrates into the host genome (becoming a latent prophage)

44
Q

Generalized Transduction

A

the transfer of any part of a bacterial or archaeal genome when the DNA fragment is packaged within a virus’s capsid by mistake.

45
Q

Specialized Transduction

A

transduction process in which only a specific set of bacterial or archaeal genes is carried to a recipient cell by a temperate virus; the cell’s genes are acquired because of a mistake in the excision of a provirus during the lysogenic life cycle.

46
Q

Horizontal Gene Transfer (HGT)

A

the process by which genes are transferred from one mature, independent organism to another.

47
Q

Restriction enzymes

A

enzymes produced by bacterial cells that cleave DNA at specific nucleotide sequences. They evolved to protect bacteria from viral infection and are used in genetic engineering.
-specific sequence of DNA

48
Q

Gel Electrophoresis

A

the separation of molecules according to charge and size through an agarose or acrylamide gel matrix in the presence of negatively-charged ions.

49
Q

Southern Blotting

A

the transfer of DNA from gel to a nylon membrane for analysis and probing for the presence of certain sequences.

50
Q

what is PCR?

A

synthesize large quantities of specific nucleotide sequences from small amounts of DNA.
-IN VITRO

51
Q

what are the steps in pcr?

A

Denaturation, Annealing, Extension, cycling

52
Q

what occurs at denaturation ?

A

heating DNA to separate strands (95C); heating to break hydrogen bonds holding the two strands of DNA are broken to produce single-stranded template DNA.

53
Q

what occurs at annealing ?

A

cooling to allow primers to bind to target DNA (50C); primers hydrogen bond with their complementary sequences in the template DNA.

54
Q

what occurs at extension?

A

DNA polymerase adds nucleotides to extend the DNA strands; a thermostable DNA polymerase adds dNTPs to the 3’-OH end of the primers.

55
Q

cycling ?

A

steps repeated. Each cycle DOUBLES the amount of DNA, resulting in exponential amplification of the target region.

56
Q

What is a primer?

A

Primers anneal to target DNA
In PCR, they dictate exactly what sequence of DNA gets copied.

57
Q

Taq polymerase

A

a thermostable DNA polymerase used in PCR; can withstand the high temperatures of PCR with high efficiency and amplification capacity, which other bodily enzymes cannot.

58
Q

PCR Template

A

DNA sample containing target sequence for amplification.

59
Q

Reverse transcriptase

A

-An enzyme that uses RNA as a template to make DNA
cDNA is produced by reverse transcriptase

60
Q

Explain RT-PCR

A

RNA is reverse transcribed to cDNA and then amplified in one reaction

61
Q

Genomics

A

Study of molecular organization of genomes, their information content, and gene products they encode

62
Q

Transcriptomics

A

the study of all the mRNA expressed by a cell in a given cell population.

63
Q

Proteomics

A

the study of the structure and function of cellular proteins.

64
Q

Structural Genomics

A

genomic analysis of the structure of the DNA sequence.

65
Q

Functional Genomics

A

genomic analysis concerned with determining the way a genome functions; provides information on metabolic pathways, transport mechanisms, and regulatory and signal transduction mechanisms.

66
Q

Virulence

A

the degree or intensity of pathogenicity of an organism as indicated by case fatality rates and/or ability to invade host tissues and cause disease; the severity or harmfulness of a disease or poison.

67
Q
A

Micro Bio Final (2 decks)

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