Last 2 Week Intensive Flashcards
Life stages and nutrition
Growth in small breed dogs < 10 kg
Growth in large breed dogs
Maximum daily weight gain
Cats and Nutrition
Cats and vitamin D and B
Adults– nutrition? Seniors??
Pregnancy and Lactation Nutrition
How much to feed?
Cats how much to feed?
Extra requirements– DER
AS FED COMPARISON
LOOK AT THE LABEL AND PERCENTAGE OF WHAT IS BEING FED BUT DOESN’T ACCOUNT FOR WATER IN THE PRODUCT
DRY MATTER
ME
Check abdominal fat pads because they can lose muscle dorsally when older
Risk factors- dogs
Other causes of obesity
HyperA or Hypothyroidism
Hypothyroidism clinical signs
No PD or PP!!! Don’t do as much so everything is just decreased
Diagnosis of Hypothyroidism
Drugs that interfere with hypothyroidism testing
Suspect hypoT but dog is on drugs
What to do if unsure about hypothyroidism tests
Treatment of hypothyroidism? Cat obesity?
Risk for cat obesity
Elements of a weight loss program
Recognition of the problem
Why does obesity matter?
How much to feed
Ideal weight loss diet will:
Is diet modification necessary?
Satiety with weight loss
Diet modification– cats– carbohydrates
Frequency of feeding weight loss
Realistic goals weight loss
New diet ad lib feeding- cats and dogs??
Treats with weight loss?
Longterm control
A! C- hard to give enough single agent to be effective
Rabbit design features
Adrenalin makes them go rapidly from bradycardia to tachycardia
Rabbit patient exam and preparation
Rabbit anaesthesia premed, induction, or maintenance?
Intubating rabbits via otoscope method
Rabbit monitoring
Rabbits: analgesia post op care
GP design features anaesthesia
GP post op care
Ferrets design features
Ferret patient exam and prep for anaesthesia
Ferret anaesthesia protocol
Butorphanol- more effective pain relief in birds than mammals
Reptiles require PPV to maintain anaesthesia
Parrots design features
Parrots pre-anaesthetic examination
Patient prep anaesthesia parrots
Premed and anaesthesia parrots
Post op care birds
Reptile general features
You can’t even euthanize a reptile if it is cold, metabolism can be so slow
** injection in hind half of animal IM can go straight to kidneys
Reptile patient prep
Analgesia in reptiles
Reptile anaesthesia protocol
Bearded dragon anaesthesia protocol
Reptiles: monitoring, support and recover
Australian mammals and general anaesthesia plan
Considerations when planning for exotic anaesthesia
Leptospirosis
Incubation period 4-20 days
Signs: headaches, chills, fever, myalgia, malaise (for about a week then a period of defervescence)– headache (+/- meningitis), myalgia, phryngitis (may persist for weeks to months)
* Case fatality < 1%
Diagnosis: Serology and isolation of leptospires from blood and urine, titres of 1:400 + are indicative
Treatment: antibiotics are of questionable value
* Control: Minimize exposure– vaccination of animals (no human vaccine), protective clothing, shed hygiene
Q fever
Signs: Chills, fever, sweating, headache, malaise, myalgia, sometimes coughing, vomiting, maybe endocarditis, especially aortic valve
* low mortality < 1%
Diagnosis: serology, isolation of C burnettii is hazardous and not recommended
Treatment: tetracycline or doxycycline, continue treatment after resolution of fever
* Vaccine available: purified killed, blood test and skin test first, if both negative, vaccination proceeds
Most common zoonoses vets have to deal with
Campylobacteriosis
Diagnosis: faecal culture, (common gut inhabitant of humans)
Treatment: antibiotics if severe, but usually symptomatic
Parapoxvirus
Brucellosis
Tuberculosis as a zoonosis
Cryptosporidiosis as a zoonosis
Yersiniosis as a zoonosis
Before using antibiotics, ask yourself
The different lines of antiobiotics
Empirical antibiotic use
Steps of empirical antibiotic use
To culture or not to culture
De-escalation of antibiotic therapy
Surgical categories and antibiotic use
Perioperative antibiotic use
Post operative antibiotic use- Facts
Expected bacteria– from skin, from GI tract, non-healing wounds
How to treat skin infections in dogs
Surface pyoderma and treatment
Bugs and treatment of cat bite abscesses
How to treat otitis
Common bugs and first treatment choices (otitis externa)
Urogenital tract infections in dogs and cats
Treating urogenital tract infections in cats
Treatment guide UTI
Bugs and treatment of URT infections
How to treat aspiration pneumonia
Treating acute GI infections
Treating sepsis
Neutropenia and prophylactic antibiotics
Consider factors why AM treatment may fail
Take home messages AM tx
Population factors
Is management desirable in a wild population?
How do you manage a wild outbreak of disease?
What causes disease?
Managing the animal in wild disease outbreak
Managing the environment in wild disease outbreak
Disease surveillance– wild disease outbreak
Pest animals in VIC
Rabbits too
History taking wild native animal
The examination wild native animal
To euthanize or not– wild native animal
Wildlife unable to be fully rehabilitated should not be kept as pets (CoP Welfare Wildlife During Rehab); some exceptions
What are the ecological implications of rehabilitating and releasing the animal?– is it an overabundant species? Is it a threatened species?
Also, cost recovery?
Should you refer the animal to a specialist wildlife vet?
Humane destruction (disposal of carcasses)
Burns
Assessing burns
Category 1 burns
Group 2 burns- able to move (salvage?)
Category 3 burns
Complications after a fire sheep
Assessing survival burns- sheep and cattle
Floods- assessing livestock
Floods- prompt euthanasia
Often a human crisis- financial problems, dought, marital breakup, etc.
Prevention emergency livestock losses
Grain engorgement- Treatment
Grain engorgement- Prevention
Transport accidents
Fly strike common (secondary flies)
Treatment: Antibiotics & fly prevention, euthanize worst cases
Prognosis: often surprisingly good recovery
Prevention: Provide adequate shade off shears, shed bioclipped sheep
Net change in income equals returns minus costs
Net positive economic benefit if >0
* If a change in relative prices is expected, the price of those items which are getting cheaper or more expensive over time can be decreased or increased as necessary
* in practice, such calculations are tedious and complex and unless reliable information about an expected price change at a very different rate from that for other items exists, it is simpler and safer to use present-day prices
Pay- off table for controlling Actinobacillus pleuropneumonia and enzootic pneumonia in a commercial piggery
Decision making
Prescribing antibiotics to food producing animals
Withholding Periods
Using penicillin in large animals
Amoxicillin in Large Animal practice
Macrolides in large animal practice
Oxytet in large animal practice
Potentiated sulfonomides in large animal practice
Ceftiofur in large animal practice
Tulathromycin in large animal practice
Micotil and Nuflor in large animal practice?
Sodide in large animal practice
Injectible antibiotics in large animal practice
Oral antibiotics in large animal practice
Calf scour tablets– neosulcin, streptosulcin, shot gun therapy, multiple antibiotics, residue risks from contaminated equipment, easy to store, less OHS risk than injectibles… parenteral antibiotics always preferable (exception is apramycin in the face of multi resistant Salmonella)]
+ Scourban
Scourban
Intra-uterine antibiotics
Intra-ocular antibiotics
Intramammary antibiotics
Intramammary lactating products
In feed medication
Antibiotic sensitivity testing
Summary large animal antibiotics
Reflexes to use in euthanasia
Euthanasia considerations
* Safety is chief concern, everything else comes second
Passive immunisation
Maternal immunity and vaccination
Live or modified live (MLV)
Killed or inactivated
Recombinant vaccines
Newer vaccines
How to avoid vaccine failure
Post vaccinal complications
Associated with which vaccine? And other vaccine related disease
MLV FPV in utero
Do we vaccinate too much?
