Larynx/Pharynx

Question 1

What epithelium lines the true vocal cords?

Answer 1

Stratified squamous

Question 2

What laryngeal muscle is responsible for normal breathing?

Answer 2

Posterior cricoarytenoid. This is the only abductor of the vocal cords.

Question 3

What is the innervation of the cricothyroid muscle?

Answer 3

external branch of superior laryngeal

Question 4

What are the three descriptive divisions of the pharynx?

Answer 4

nasopharynx, oropharynx and laryngopharynx

Question 5

What is the origin of the superior constrictor?

Answer 5

pterygomandibular raphe

Question 6

What is the origin of the middle constrictor?

Answer 6

hyoid bone

Question 7

What is the origin of the inferior constrictor?

Answer 7

thyroid cartilage (thyropharyngeus) and cricoid cartilage (cricopharynegeus)

Question 8

Which muscle acts as upper oesophageal sphincter?

Answer 8

cricopharyngeus (an inferior constrictor)

Question 9

What is the origin/insertion/innervation of the stylopharyngeus?

Answer 9

styloid process to interval between superior and middle constrictor muscles. glossopharyngeal nerve.

Question 10

What are the three major neck branches of the vagus?

Answer 10

pharyngeal, superior laryngeal and recurrent laryngeal

Question 11

What does the pharyngeal nerve innervate?

Answer 11

motor to muscles of pharynx and soft palate

Question 12

What does the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve innervate?

Answer 12

cricothyroid muscle and cricopharyngeal part of inferior constrictor

Question 13

What gives the sensory innervation to the nasopharynx?

Answer 13

maxillary nerve via the the pharyngeal branch of the sphenopalatine ganglion

Question 14

What are the extrinsic muscles of the larynx, and what do they do?

Answer 14

suprahyoids and infrahyoids, involved in movements of larynx during swallowing

Question 15

Which muscles abduct the vocal cords?

Answer 15

posterior cricoarytenoid muscle

Question 16

Which muscles adduct the vocal cords?

Answer 16

lateral cricoarytenoids and the transverse arytenoid

Question 17

Which muscle lengthens the vocal cords?

Answer 17

cricothyroid
as it contracts, it approximates the cricoid and thyroid cartilages anteriorly, increasing the distance between the attachments of the cords.

Question 18

Which muscle shortens the vocal cords?

Answer 18

thyroarytenoid

Question 19

What nerve innervates the intrinsic muscles of the vocal cords? Which muscle is an exception to this?

Answer 19

recurrent laryngeal. the cricothyroid is an exception, innervated instead by the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve.