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Respiratory block > Larynx > Flashcards

Larynx Flashcards

1
Q

What is the larynx?

A

Musculoligamentous structure with a cartilaginous framework that caps the lower respirator tract.
Is inferior to the tongue.
It is suspended from the hyoid bone and is very mobile.

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2
Q

Where does the larynx lie?

A

Midline of the neck anterior to the oesophagus and forth through the sixth cervical vertebrae (C4-C6)

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3
Q

What is the wall of the larynx made of?

A

9 pieces of cartilage.

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4
Q

What cartilage of the larynx occur singly?

A
  1. Thyroid cartilage, epiglottis and cricoid cartilage.
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5
Q

What cartilage of the larynx occur in pairs?

A

Arytenoid, cuneiform and corniculate cartilages.

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6
Q

What is the most important of the paired cartilage and why?

A

Arytenoid because they influence changes in position and tension of vocal chords (true vocal chords for speech)

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7
Q

What are the two types of larynx muscles?

A

Extrinsic and intrinsic.

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8
Q

What do the extrinsic and intrinsic larynx muscles do?

A

Extrinsic muscles connect the cartilage to other structures in the throat. The intrinsic muscles connect the cartilage to each other.

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9
Q

What is the cavity of the larynx?

A

The space that extends from the entrance into the larynx down to the inferior border of the cricoid cartilage.

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10
Q

What is the vestibule of the larynx?

A

The portion of the cavity of the larynx above the vocal folds.

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11
Q

What is the thyroid cartilage?

A

Consists of two fused plates of hyaline cartilage that form the anterior wall of the larynx and give it the triangle shape.

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12
Q

Is the thyroid cartilage present in both genders?

A

Yes but is usually larger in males due to the influence of male sex hormones on its growth during puberty.

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13
Q

What is the thyrohyoid ligament?

A

The ligament that connects the thyroid cartilage to the hyoid bone.

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14
Q

What is the epiglottis?

A

A large leaf shaped peice of elastic cartilage that is covered with epithelium.

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15
Q

What is the stem of the epiglottis?

A

The tapered inferior potion that is attached to the anterior rim of the thyroid cartilage and hyoid bone.

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16
Q

What is the broad superior “leaf” portion of the epiglottis?

A

It is unattached and free to move up and down like a trap door.

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17
Q

What happens during swallowing?

A

The pharynx and larynx rise. Elevation of the pharynx widens it to receive food or drink. Elevation of the larynx causes the epiglottis to move down and form a life over the glottis, closing it off.

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18
Q

What is the glottis?

A

A pair of folds of mucous membrane, the vocal chords (true vocal chords) in the larynx and the space between them called the rima glottidis.

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19
Q

Why does the larynx close during swallowing?

A

To make food and liquid go into the esophagus and keep them out of the larynx and the airways. When small particles of dust, smoke, food or liquids pass into the larynx, a cough reflex occurs, usually expelling the material.

20
Q

What is the cricoid cartilage?

A

A ring of hyaline cartilage that forms the inferior wall of the larynx. It is attached to the first ring of cartilage of the trachea by the cricotracheal ligament.

21
Q

What how are the thyroid and cricoid cartilage connected?

A

By the cricothyroid ligament.

22
Q

What are the Arytenoid cartilage?

A

Triangle pieces of mostly hyaline cartilage located at the posterior, superior border of the cricoid cartilage. They form synovial joints with the cricoid cartilage and have a wide range of mobility.

23
Q

What are the corniculate cartilages?

A

A pair of horn shaped peices of elastic cartilage, located at the apex of each Arytenoid cartilage.

24
Q

What are the corniculate cartilages?

A

A pair of horn shaped peices of elastic cartilage, located at the apex of each Arytenoid cartilage.

25
Q

What are the cuneiform cartilages?

A

A pair of club shaped elastic cartilages anterior to the corniculate cartilages. They support the vocal folds and lateral aspect of the epiglottis.

26
Q

What is the lining of the larynx superior to the vocal chords made of?

A

Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium.

27
Q

What is the lining of the larynx inferior to the vocal chords made of?

A

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium consisting of columnar cells, goblet cells and basal cells.

28
Q

Where do the cilia move the trapped air and mucus to?

A

In the upper respiratory tract they move it down towards the pharynx. In the lower respiratory travel they move them up towards the pharynx.

29
Q

What are the two pairs of mucous membrane folds of the larynx called?

A

The superior pair is called the ventricular folds (false vocal chords).
The interior pair is called the vocal folds (true vocal chords).

30
Q

What is the space between the ventricular folds called?

A

Rima vestibuli

31
Q

What is the laryngeal sinus?

A

A lateral expansion of the middle portion of laryngeal cavity inferior to the ventricular folds and superior to the vocal folds.

32
Q

What is the function of the ventricular folds?

A

When the folds are bought together, they function in holding the breath against pressure in the thoracic cavity, such as when a person strains to lift a heavy object.

33
Q

What is the function of the vocal folds?

A

To produce sound.

34
Q

What is between the rigid cartilages of the larynx?

A

Bands of elastic ligaments which are stretched like the strings on a guitar.

35
Q

What do the intrinsic laryngeal muscles do?

A

They attach to both the rigid cartilages and the vocal folds.

36
Q

What happens when the intrinsic laryngeal muscles contract?

A

They move the cartilages, which pulls the elastic ligament tight.
This stretches the vocal folds out into the airways so that the rima glottidis is narrowed.
Contracting and relaxing the muscles varies the tension in the vocal chords.

37
Q

What affects the variation in pitch and loudness of a person?

A

The tension in the vocal folds. The greatest the pressure of air, the louder the sound produced by the vibrating vocal folds.

38
Q

When the intrinsic muscles of the larynx contract, what happens to the Arytenoid cartilage?

A

They pivot and slide.

39
Q

What opens and closes the rima glottidis?

A

Contraction of posterior cricoarytenoid muscles, move the vocal folds apart (abduction) opening the rima glottidis.
Contraction of the lateral cricoarytenoid muscles moves the vocal chords together (adduction), thereby closing the rima glottidis.
Other intrinsic muscles can elongate (place tension on) or shorten (and relax) vocal folds.

40
Q

How is pitch controlled?

A

Tension on vocal chords.
If they are pulled taut by muscles, they vibrate more rapidly and a high pitch results.
And vice versa.

41
Q

What affect do androgens (male sex hormones) have on pitch?

A

They cause the vocal folds to be thicker and longer so they vibrate more slowly.

42
Q

How is speech produced?

A

Sound originates from the vibration of the vocal folds, but other structures are necessary for converting sound into speech.
Pharynx, nose, mouth, nasal cavity and Paranasal sinus act as resonating chambers.

43
Q

How is whispering accomplished?

A

By closing all but the posterior portion of the rima glottidis. Because the vocal folds don’t vibrate during whispering, there is no pitch.

44
Q

What is the cricothyroid ligament?

A

It is the internal ligament of the larynx.

Upper margin is free between thyroid cartilage and arytenoid cartilage.

45
Q

What is the vocal ligament?

A

It lies under the true vocal chords.

Thickens in midline to form median cricothyroid ligament (used in emergencies; cricothyrotomy)

46
Q

What is the blood supply to the larynx?

A 
Superior laryngeal.
Superior thyroid.
External carotid
Inferior laryngeal
Inferior thyroid
Thyrocervical trunk of subclavian
47
Q

What is the innervation to the larynx?

A

Branches of vagus nerve.
Sensory above vocal folds (superior laryngeal)
Sensory below the vocal folds (inferior laryngeal)
Motor supply to all muscles except cricothyroid (superior laryngeal) via recurrent laryngeal

Respiratory block (4 decks)

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