Large Intestine

Question 1

how long is the large intestine

Answer 1

1.7m

Question 2

what is the large intestine comprised of

Answer 2

caecum, appendix, colons, rectum, anal canal and anus

Question 3

what is the taeniae coil

Answer 3

longitudinal smooth muscle layer in caecum and colon that is divided into 3 strands

Question 4

where is smooth muscle thickened

Answer 4

internal anal sphincter

Question 5

what Is the internal anal sphincter surrounded by

Answer 5

skeletal muscle of the external anal sphincter

Question 6

what is the haustra

Answer 6

sac like bulges due to activity of teaniae coli and circular muscle layers

Question 7

what permits entry of material from terminal ileum to caecum

Answer 7

gastroileal reflex

Question 8

when does the one way ileocacecal valve relax

Answer 8

reponse to distention of the duodenum

Question 9

when does the one way ileocacecal valve contract

Answer 9

response to distention of the ascending colon

Question 10

what type of tissue does the appendix contain lots of

Answer 10

lymphoid

Question 11

what can happen when the appendiceal orifice is obstructed by a faecalith

Answer 11

appendicitis

Question 12

what does the colon absorb

Answer 12

Na+, Cl-, H2O, short chain fatty acids

Question 13

what happens to carbohydrate not absorbed by the small intestine

Answer 13

it is fermented by colonic flora to short chain fatty acids

Question 14

what does the colon secrete

Answer 14

K+, HCO3-, mucus

Question 15

what increases surface area of the colon

Answer 15

colonic folds
crypts
microvilli

Question 16

what are coloncytes

Answer 16

surface epithelial cells of colon

Question 17

what do coloncytes mediate

Answer 17

electrolytes absorption by osmosis drives absorption of water.

Question 18

which cells mediate ion secretion

Answer 18

crypt cells

Question 19

what does mucus contain

Answer 19

glycosaminoglycans hydrated to form a slippy surface gel and secrete trefoil proteins involved in host defence

Question 20

what do glycosaminoglycans form and secrete

Answer 20

hydrated to form a slippy surface gel and secrete trefoil proteins involved in host defence

Question 21

what hormone enhances sodium ion absorption and potassium ion secretion

Answer 21

aldosterone

Question 22

what is no propulsive segmentation

Answer 22

haustration

Question 23

difference between haustartion and segmentation

Answer 23

haustartion has a much lower frequency contributing to a long transit time

Question 24

where does mass movement occur

Answer 24

ascending and transverse colon

Question 25

what do gut commensals synthesise

Answer 25

vitamin K12 and free fatty acids

Question 26

what type of disease is IBS and IBD

Answer 26

chronic bowel disease

Question 27

symptoms of IBS

Answer 27

diarrhoea
constipation
abdominal pain

Question 28

what is the treatment for IBS

Answer 28

symptomatic treatment
diet adjustment
diarrhoeals/laxatives
Linaclotide

Question 29

when is Linaclotide used

Answer 29

moderate to severe IBS with constipation

Question 30

treatment of IBD

Answer 30

glucocorticoids for acute attacks

aminosalicytes