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Parasitology > Large Animal > Flashcards

Large Animal Flashcards

1
Q

Two species of surface mites in cattle/sheep?

A

Chorioptes (+horses)
Psoroptes

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2
Q

Differentiation between Chorioptes and Psoroptes mites?

A

Chorioptes - unjointed pedicle. Lesions on tail head, feet (horse)
Psoroptes - Long pretarsus. Ruminants only. REPORTABLE DISEASE

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3
Q

Who to treat when dx Chorioptic mange?

A

All in-contact cattle, sheep, horses

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4
Q

Who to treat when dx Psoroptic mange?

A

All in-contact conspecifics (host specific)

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5
Q

Burrowing mites of sheep/cattle?

A

Sarcoptes (pigs too)
Demodex

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6
Q

Who to treat when dx Sarcoptic mange?

A

Whole herd (cattle)

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7
Q

Who to treat when dx Demodectic mange?

A

Affected individual

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8
Q

Drug class used to treat mites?

A

Extra-label ML in Autumn

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9
Q

2 species of hard tick in SK?

A

Dermacentor albipiticus
Dermacentor variabilis

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10
Q

2 species of hard tick in BC?

A

Dermacentor albipiticus
Dermacentor andersoni

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11
Q

Hard tick species not found in Spring?

A

Dermacentor albipiticus (winter tick)

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12
Q

2 hard tick species known to transmit Anaplasma marginale?

A

Dermacentor variabilis
Dermacentor andersoni

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13
Q

Hard tick species that cause tick paralysis?

A

Dermacentor andersoni

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14
Q

Hard tick that can transmit Lyme and Anaplasma phagocytophilum?

A

Ixodes

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15
Q

Soft tick species?

A

Otobius megnini - Spinose ear tick (only larvae and nymphs)

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16
Q

Two species of invasive ticks?

A

Asian long-horned tick (Haemaphysalis longicornis)
Lone star tick (Ambylomma americanum)

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17
Q

Seasonality of lice of cattle/sheep?

A

Winter

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18
Q

Chewing lice and their host species?

A

Damalinia bovis (cattle)
Damalinia ovis (sheep)
Damalina equi (horse)
Eggs seen at the base of the hair

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19
Q

2 sucking lice and how to differentiate them?

A

Lignognathus (reduced first pair of legs)
Haematopinus (cattle, pigs, horses only; not sheep)

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20
Q

Clinical signs associated with lice infestations?

A

Pruritus, hair loss, anemia

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21
Q

Control of lice infestations of cattle/horses?

A

Treat whole herd with topicals (ML, insecticides), clean fomites/environment

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22
Q

Two species of blood-feeding flies on cattle/sheep?

A

Simulium (black fly)
Haematobia irritans (horn fly)

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23
Q

Disease transmitted by Simulium flies?

A

Onchocerca

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24
Q

Secretion-feeding species of fly of cattle/sheep?

A

Musca autumnalis (face fly)

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25
Q

Disease transmitted by Musca autumnalis flies?

A

Moraxella bovis (pink eye)

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26
Q

Where are Simulium fly eggs found?

A

Fast-moving water

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27
Q

Control of Simulium flies?

A

Topical insecticides, biological larvicides (bacteria)

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28
Q

Where are Haematobia irritans fly eggs found?

A

Fresh cow feces

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29
Q

Disease transmitted to cattle by Culicoides midges?

A

Bluetongue virus

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30
Q

Cattle botfly species?

A

Hypoderma bovis

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31
Q

When to not kill Hypoderma bovis?

A

Winter - can migrate through the spinal canal and can cause ataxia/stiffness/etc.
Can also be in the esophagus and cause dysphagia

Use low dose if you must

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32
Q

Horse botfly species?

A

Gasterophilus (3 species; intestinalis, nasalis, haemorrhoidalis). L3 always found in GIT
Eggs on TIPS of hair

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33
Q

Species name for sheep nasal bots?

A

Oestrus ovis

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34
Q

Season of clinical nasal bots?

A

Winter

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35
Q

Wingless biting fly of cattle/sheep?

A

Keds - Melophagus ovinus
Bloodfeeders

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36
Q

ID of keds?

A

Wingless diptera with terminal claws, hairy abdomen

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37
Q

Predisposing factors to myiasis?

A

Shearing in summer (peak fly season)
Poor wound management
Diarrhea from parasitic PGE

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38
Q

Treatment of myiasis?

A

Wound debridement
Removal of maggots
Systemic ML
Prophylaxis

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39
Q

3 blood feeding flies of horses?

A

Stomoxys calcitrans - Stable fly (mouthparts point forward)
Tabanids - Horsefly, deerfly, Clegs (mouthparts point down)
Culicoides - Midges

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40
Q

Diseases transmitted to horses by Tabanid flies?

A

Equine infectious anemia
Anthrax

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41
Q

Diseases transmitted to horses by Culicidae (mosquitoes)?

A

WNV, Western equine encephalitis virus, equine encephalosis virus, Setaria nematode

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42
Q

Main impact of giardia in cattle?

A

Reduced gain, feed efficiency. Can cause diarrhea

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43
Q

Tx for giardia?

A

Fenbendazole. Chlorination of water does not work - need ozonation, filtration

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44
Q

Giardia species of humans (+ livestock)?

A

Giardia duodenalis A
May be zoonotic

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45
Q

Giardia species of cattle?

A

Giardia duodenalis E
(AKA G bovis)

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46
Q

Tritrichomonas foetus life cycle?

A

No free living or cyst stage - direct LC in cattle

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47
Q

Tritrichomonas foetus infection in cattle?

A

Venereal disease - pyometria, late term abortion. Can survive AI

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48
Q

Tritrichomonas foetus appearance under microscope?

A

Oval shaped with anterior and posterior flagellae, undulating membrane

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49
Q

Most reliable method for dx Tritrichomonas in a herd?

A

Preputial scrapings of bulls (multiple samples, 3x/3wks)
Cull carriers

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50
Q

2 species of intestinal coccidia?

A

Eimeria
Cryptosporidium

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51
Q

3 species of tissue cyst forming coccidia?

A

Toxoplasma (sheep)
Neospora (cattle)
Sarcocystis

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52
Q

Infective stage of coccidia?

A

Sporulated oocyst

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53
Q

3 most severe disease-causing species of Eimeria in cattle?

A

E bovis
E zuernii
(E alabamensis)

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54
Q

Interspecies transmission of Eimeria?

A

Host-specific

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55
Q

Acute coccidiosis in calves?

A

Acquired from dam - disease triggered by stress. GI disease with high morbidity but low mortality

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56
Q

Prevention of coccidiosis?

A

Minimizing buildup of sporulated oocysts in environment (very environmentally resistant - need 10% bleach for 2hr)

Clean feed/water/bedding

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57
Q

Tx of coccidiosis?

A

Sulfonamides/ionophores
Treat all exposed calves/lambs

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58
Q

Transmission of cryptosporidium?

A

Oocysts are immediately infective and extremely environmentally resistant and can be zoonotic

Autoinfection possible, infective dose may be 1 oocyst

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59
Q

Cryptosporidiosis in cattle?

A

Malabsorptive diarrhea
C andersoni can cause gastroenteritis, production losses

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60
Q

Cryptosporidiosis in horses?

A

Often asymptomatic but high prevalence. May be life threatening to SCID foals

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61
Q

Management of cryptosporidium?

A

Steam clean/disinfection (resistant to chlorine)
Supportive care

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62
Q

Where is the most important point to interrupt in the life cycle of Sarcocystis?

A

Spread of immediately infective eggs from carnivore DH to herbivore IH

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63
Q

Where in the body is sarcocystis found in herbivore IH?

A

In striated muscle/nervous tissue

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64
Q

Acute infection with sarcocystis in cattle/sheep?

A

Merogony in vascular endothelium –> fever, emaciation, anemia, abortion, etc.
High morbidity and mortality
“Dalmeny disease”

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65
Q

Chronic infection with sarcocystis in cattle/sheep?

A

Incidental postmortem finding - greenish focal stripes on skeletal muscle associated with immune response to broken down sarcocysts
“Eosinophilic myositis”

66
Q

Sarcocystis neurona in horses?

A

Equine protozoal myeloencephalitis - horse is aberrant IH. Merozoites cause disease

67
Q

Neospora hughesi in horses?

A

Equine protozoal myeloencephalitis - horse is true IH. Bradyzoites (cysts) cause disease. Transplacental transmission

68
Q

How to control sarcocystis

A

Reduce contact between carnivores and herbivores (ingestion of abortuses, carnivore feces)
Not treatable

69
Q

Most important cause of bovine abortion in Canada?

A

Neosporum caninum

70
Q

Diagnosis of neospora caninum?

A

ELISA on aborting vs. non aborting cows
CNS/muscle histo/IHC/PCR on abortus

71
Q

Control of neospora caninum?

A

Prevent dogs from ingesting dead cow/abortus/raw meat
Prevent canine fecal contamination of cow feed
Cull seropositive cows

72
Q

Most important herbivore host species of Toxoplasma gondii?

A

Sheep and goats

73
Q

Gross lesions associated with toxoplasma gondii?

A

Macroscopic necrosis of cotyledons

74
Q

3 pathogens associated with apicomplexa in horses?

A

Babesia caaballi
Theileria equi
Theileria hanyi
((transmitted by ticks))

75
Q

Clinical signs of Apicomplexa?

A

Weight loss, fever, anemia, splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, abortion, death (50% mortality)

76
Q

Cattle lungworm?

A

Dictyocaulus viviparus

77
Q

Dictyocaulus viviparus stage shed in feces?

A

Cattle lungworm - L1 shed (pharynx 1/4 of body, pointed posterior end)

78
Q

Important features of Dictyocaulus viviparus life cycle?

A

L1 shed, L3 infective. Mature in wet environments. L4 can enter hypobiosis

79
Q

Control of Dictyocaulus viviparus?

A

Vaccine available in Europe
Tx: ML

80
Q

Large lungworm of sheep?

A

Dictyocaulus filaria

81
Q

Two small lungworms of sheep/goats?

A

Muellerius (funky looking tail)
Protostrongylus

82
Q

Dermal nematode of cattle?

A

Stephanofilaria stilesi

83
Q

Vector for Stephanofilaria stilesi?

A

Dermal nematode - transmitted by horn fly

84
Q

Control of Stefanofilaria stilesi?

A

ML kill microfilaria. Adults resist treatment

85
Q

Peritoneal nematode of cattle?

A

Setaria - no clinical significance

86
Q

ID Moniezia?

A

2-4 suckers on scolex
Segments wider than long with paired reproductive organs
Square looking eggs with larva

87
Q

ID Thysanosoma?

A

Suckers on rostellum
Tapeworm with fringes on the segments
Can be found in bile/pancreatic duct
Eggs in packets

88
Q

Cause of ovine cysticercosis?

A

Taenia ovis (from dogs)
Cysts in muscle

89
Q

Main importance of Taenia ovis?

A

Not zoonotic, but causes carcass condemnation

90
Q

Cause of bovine cysticercosis?

A

Taenia saginatta (zoonotic but rare in Canada - reportable)

91
Q

Three species of liver flukes in cattle/sheep?

A

Fasciola hepatica (zoonotic)
Fascioloides magna (big ones)
Dicrocoelium dendriticum (squiggly intestines)

92
Q

Fasciola hepatica eggs?

A

Orange, oval, with operculum. Don’t float

93
Q

Distinctive clinical signs of Fasciola hepatica?

A

Bottle jaw (edema) in sheep
Can trigger clostridial disease

94
Q

Important part of life cycle of Fascioloides magna?

A

Mainly infects elk. Non-patent infection in cattle/sheep

95
Q

Zombie ant fluke?

A

Dicrocoelium dendriticum
(small bile duct fluke but not very pathogenic)

96
Q

What are the most important nematodes of grazing ruminants?

A

Trichostrongyles

97
Q

Two most common GI nematode species in Canadian cattle?

A

Ostertagia ostertagi
Cooperia oncophora

98
Q

Two most important trichostrongyle parasites of abomasum of cattle?

A

Ostertagia ostertagi
Haemonchus placei

99
Q

Two most important trichostrongyle parasites of the small intestine of cattle?

A

Cooperia spp.
Nematodirus spp.

100
Q

Where are trichostrongyle eggs found in the environment?

101
Q

ID Haemonchus vs. Ostertagia vs. Trichostrongylus adults?

A

Haemonchus - symmetrical short spicules and asymmetric dorsal lobe
Ostertagia - symmetrical long spicules
Trichostrongylus - asymmetrical spicules + gubernaculum

102
Q

Summer ostertagiosis?

A

Gradual onset, high FEC, diarrhea.
High morbidity, low mortality (if treated)

103
Q

Winter ostertagiosis?

A

Sudden onset, low FEC, hypoalbuminemia, diarrhea.
Low morbidity, high mortality

104
Q

Two Haemonchus species / hosts

A

H placei - Cattle
H contortus - Sheep

105
Q

Clinical signs of Haemonchus?

A

Peracute - hemorrhagic anemia/sudden death
Acute - dark feces, hypoproteinemia, anorexia
Chronic - weight loss, anorexia, weakness

106
Q

DX of Haemonchus?

A

L3 coproculture, PCR, or adult worms on necropsy

107
Q

Cooperia species not (yet) found in Western Canada?

A

C punctata

108
Q

Dose-limiting species for anthelminthics in cattle?

109
Q

Cooperia ID?

A

Head with cuticular expansion (looks like padding)
Male has short spicules
Strongyle eggs

110
Q

Nematodirus ID?

A

Head with cuticular expansion (looks like helmet)
Male has very long spicules
XL Strongyle-ish eggs

111
Q

Important life cycle details of Nematodirus?

A

Development to L3 happens inside the egg, hatch in Spring
Diarrhea + shedding of eggs rare in animals >6mo

112
Q

Small intestine nematodes of cattle that can enter via skin penetration?

A

Bunostomum
Strongyloides papillosus

113
Q

Bunostomum ID?

A

Hookworm with large buccal capsule

114
Q

Strongyloides papillosus ID?

A

Females: Filariform pharynx 1/3 of body
LARVATED eggs
Possible heterogonic life cycle

115
Q

Pathognomonic finding for Oesophagostomum?

A

Large intestine - pre-adult larvae create nodules in LI mucosa
Looks like he’s wearing a little bowler hat
Cattle, sheep, pigs

116
Q

Trichuris in cattle?

A

Incidental finding on FEC. Transmits well of pasture

117
Q

Stomach nematode of pigs?

A

Hyostrongylus rubidus - prominent bursa with equal sized spicules. Strongyle eggs

118
Q

Clinical signs of Hyostrongylus rubidus in pigs?

A

Rarely causes clinical problems
Stomach ulceration/perforation, anemia, decreased production

119
Q

Two main species of small intestine nematode in pigs?

A

Ascaris suum
Trichinella spiralis

120
Q

Largest small intestinal nematode of pigs?

A

Ascaris suum (several cm long white worms)

121
Q

Life cycle of Ascaris suum?

A

Development to L3 inside extremely hardy eggs
Ingestion -> hepatotracheal migration
Infection only by ingestion of larvated eggs

122
Q

Pathology of Ascaris suum?

A

Damage due to migrating larvae in liver, lungs. Can cause hypersensitivity reactions and secondary infections, and condemnation of livers
Theoretically could obstruct small intestine
ZOONOTIC

123
Q

Distribution of Trichinella?

A

Global, but T spiralis eradicated from Canadian commercial pigs. T nativa still present in wild carnivores

124
Q

Transmission of Trichinella?

A

Foodborne contamination from infected muscle tissue - no fecal shedding.
T nativa is freeze resistant
ZOONOTIC

125
Q

Nematode of pigs that can be transmitted prenatally/transmammary?

A

Strongyloides suis - catarrhal enteritis and anemia of neonates

126
Q

Trichuris in pigs?

A

T suis - does well indoors, L1 develops inside hardy egg, causes large bowel diarrhea and reduced production. Zoonotic but usually not a big problem

127
Q

Lungworm of pigs?

A

Metastrongylus - pasture-transmitted only (needs earthworm IH)

128
Q

Two tapeworm (cysticerci) spp in pigs?

A

Taenia solium
Cysticercus cellulosae

129
Q

Taenia infection in pigs?

A

CFIA reportable disease
Zoonotic
Neurocysticercosis and epilepsy

130
Q

Rat-tailed maggot in pig manure?

A

Erystalis tenex - hover fly - incidental finding

131
Q

Coccidia in pigs

A

Eimeria - Harmless
Cystoisospora suis - diarrhea in <2wk piglets

132
Q

Toxoplasma in pigs?

A

IH - infection from ingestion of cat feces. Common source of toxoplasmosis in humans

133
Q

IH/vector of Habronema/Drascheia gastric nematodes in horses?

A

Stablefly/housefly

134
Q

Cause of “summer sores” in horses?

A

Habronema nematodes transmitted by stable fly

135
Q

DX Habronema/Drascheia?

A

No clinical signs when in stomach
Fecal float does not work
Adults on GI scope, larvae in skin

136
Q

Large roundworm of horses?

A

Parascaris spp.

137
Q

Epidemiology of Parascaris in horses?

A

Primarily patent in foals <6mo, sometimes older horses
Eggs very resistant/sticky

138
Q

Parascaris ID?

A

Looks kind of like Toxocara - round with thick rough shell
Large white worms

139
Q

Clinical signs of Parascaris in horses?

A

Typically asymptomatic - intestinal blockage, coughing in foals
TX Pyrantel

140
Q

Equine threadworm?

A

Strongyloides westeri

141
Q

Epidemiology of Strongyloides westeri in horses?

A

Primarily patent in foals <6mo
Not seen in SK (too cold, eggs not resistant)
Larvated eggs shed in feces or L3 in colostrum
Can be free-living (heterogonic)

142
Q

Transmission of Strongyloides westeri in horses?

A

Oral –> tracheal
Skin –> semi-tracheal
Transmammary (shed for 8wks)

143
Q

Strongyloides westeri ID?

A

Filariform pharynx 1/3 of body
Thin-walled larvated eggs

144
Q

Large intestinal nematodes (Strongylus) epidemiology in horses?

A

Largely eradicated worldwide in horses due to anthelminthic use
Pasture-transmitted

145
Q

Strongylus equinus vs edentates vs vulgaris ? (horse)

A

Equinus - liver; bifid tooth
Edentates - liver; no teeth
Vulgaris - mesenteric artery; two round teeth

146
Q

Epidemiology of cyathostomes (small strongyles) in horses?

A

Very abundant/diverse
Pasture transmitted
Impossible to differentiate without molecular techniques

147
Q

Pathogenesis of cyathostomes?

A

Can enter hypobiosis in winter
Can cause colic
Location of cysts –> most anthelminthics can’t reach them
Diarrhea, weight loss, hypoproteinemia, edema

148
Q

Cyathostome ID?

A

Strongyle egg
Small buccal capsule with no teeth

149
Q

Pinworm of horses?

A

Oxyuris equi

150
Q

Clinical sign of Oxyuris equi?

A

Pruritus ani - eggs laid on horse’s tail is very itchy

151
Q

DX/ID of Oxyuris equi?

A

Eggs don’t float well - use tape
Oval egg with a little cap
Bulb-like pharynx

152
Q

Connective tissue nematode of horses?

A

Onchocerca cervicalis - nuchal ligament

153
Q

Vector of Onchocerca cervicalis?

A

Midges (Culicoides) –> nematode mostly found in BC because of vector prevalence

154
Q

Lung nematode of horses?

A

Dictyocaulus arnfieldi

155
Q

Three cyclophilid spp in horses?

A

Anoplocephala magna
Anoplocephala perfoliata
Paranoplocephala mammillana

156
Q

Anoplocephala perfoliata ID?

A

Triangular body
4 suckers and no hooks
“Lappets” - wearing a little frilly collar

157
Q

Anoplocephala magna ID?

A

Ribbon-shaped body
Wide head

158
Q

Paranoplocephala mammallana ID?

A

Ribbon-shaped body
Pointed head

159
Q

Fluke-transmitted bacterial pathogen of horses?

A

Neorickettsia risticii - Potomac horse fever (diarrhea, laminitis, abortion)

160
Q

Eimeria in horses?

A

Generally not pathogenic. Diarrhea is rare. No TX approved or needed

Parasitology (2 decks)

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