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Parasitology > Dogs and Cats > Flashcards

Dogs and Cats Flashcards

1
Q

Toxascaris leonina - Host species / zoonoses

A

Dogs and cats; not zoonotic

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2
Q

Toxascaris leonina - Life cycle(s)

A

Mucosal infection, direct OR via vertebrate paratenic host

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3
Q

Toxascaris leonina - Pre-patent period

A

8-10 weeks

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4
Q

Toxascaris leonina - Time to mature in environment

A

1-4 weeks

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5
Q

Toxascaris leonina - Global distribution

A

Found worldwide, including in dogs (not cats) in Western Canada

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6
Q

Toxascaris leonina - Survivability of eggs in environment

A

Survive for months to years, and are freeze-tolerant

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7
Q

Toxascaris leonina - Clinical signs of infection

A

Signs seen in juveniles: Pot belly, poor growth, staring coat, diarrhea, and respiratory signs. Seizures and death possible but rare

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8
Q

Toxocaris canis - Host species/zoonoses

A

Dogs only DH. Humans can be accidental PH

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9
Q

Toxocaris canis - Life cycle(s)

A
  1. Direct life cycle with hepatotracheal migration
  2. Somatic migration and transplacental/transmammary transmission to offspring
  3. Mucosal growth with transmission via vertebrate paratenic hosts
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10
Q

Toxocaris canis - Pre-patent period

A

4-5 weeks

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11
Q

Toxocaris canis - Time to mature in environment

A

2-8 weeks

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12
Q

Toxocaris canis - Geographical distribution

A

Found worldwide except the far North, and is very common in dogs in Canada

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13
Q

Toxocaris canis - Zoonotic infection

A

Humans can be accidental paratenic hosts via ingestion of mature (larvated) eggs

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14
Q

Toxocaris canis - Clinical signs

A

Signs seen in puppies. Pot belly, poor growth, staring coat, diarrhea, respiratory signs. Seizures and death possible but rare

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15
Q

Toxocara cati - Host species / zoonoses

A

Cats only DH. Human infection possible

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16
Q

Toxocara cati - Life cycle(s)

A
  1. Direct life cycle with hepato-tracheal migration
  2. Larvated egg ingestion, somatic migration and transmammary transmission
  3. Infection via vertebrate paratenic host with mucosal migration
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17
Q

Toxocara cati - Pre-patent period

A

8 weeks (6 for mucosal infections)

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18
Q

Toxocara cati - Time to mature in environment

A

2-4 weeks

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19
Q

Toxocara cati - Geographical distribution

A

Globally distributed with high prevalence in cats in Western Canada

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20
Q

Toxocara cati - Zoonotic infection

A

Humans can be accidental paratenic hosts via ingestion of larvated eggs (or ingestion of other paratenic hosts). Parasites found in liver, lungs, eyes, etc.

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21
Q

Toxocara cati - Egg survival in environment

A

Eggs highly environmentally resistant

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22
Q

Toxocara cati - Clinical signs

A

Less severe than T canis. In kittens can cause pot belly, poor growth, staring coat, diarrhea, respiratory signs. Seizures and death rare but possible

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23
Q

Baylisascaris procyonis - Host species / zoonoses

A

Raccoons are main DH, but dogs can be DH/PH/transport hosts. Human infection possible

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24
Q

Baylisascaris procyonis - Life cycle

A
  1. Direct infection of DH
  2. Infection via PH - birds, small mammals, dogs, humans
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25
Q

Baylisascaris procyonis - Time to mature in environment

A

2 weeks

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26
Q

Baylisascaris procyonis - Geographical distribution

A

Found anywhere in the world there are raccoons, including Western Canada, but very rare in dogs

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27
Q

Baylisascaris procyonis - Clinical signs

A

Paratenic - Variety of severe clinical signs, including neurological, etc.
Definitive - No clinical signs, but can be a source of single celled eggs in the environment
Transport - No clinical signs, but can be a source of larvated eggs in the environment

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28
Q

What are the four species of roundworms (ascarids) covered in this module?

A

Toxascaris leonina
Toxocaris canis
Toxocaris cati
Baylisascaris procyonis

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29
Q

How are GI nematodes treated in dogs and cats?

A

Antihelminthic treatment at 2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks of age, followed by monthly treatment until 6 months of age
Nursing females should be treated at 2 weeks post-partum, and pregnant females treated off-label

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30
Q

How are ascarids of dogs and cats typically diagnosed?

A

Fecal flotation. Coproantigen or CoproPCR is appropriate too.
EXCEPTION: Canine paratenic hosts of baylisascaris procyonis diagnosed via histology or serology

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31
Q

What are examples of antihelminthic drugs?

A

Macrocyclic lactones, pyrantel, benzimidazoles, emodepside, nitroscanate

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32
Q

What are the three hookworm species covered in this module?

A

Ancylostoma caninum
Ancylostoma tubaeforme
Uncinaria stenocephala

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33
Q

Uncinaria stenocephala - Host species / zoonoses

A

Dogs only DH. Not zoonotic

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34
Q

Uncinaria stenocephala - Life cycle

A
  1. Infection via ingestion of ensheathed larvae or vertebrate PH –> mucosal migration
  2. Infection of L3 through the skin –> semi-tracheal migration
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35
Q

Uncinaria stenocephala - Pre-patent period

A

2-3 weeks

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36
Q

Uncinaria stenocephala - Time to mature in environment

A

4-8 days (needs temperatures >7.5C)

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37
Q

Uncinaria stenocephala - Clinical signs

A

Rarely causes pathology (less serious than other hookworms). Protein-losing enteropathy, mucous diarrhea, dermatitis

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38
Q

Uncinaria stenocephala - Geographical distribution

A

Relatively common in Western Canada

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39
Q

Uncinaria stenocephala - Environmental survival of eggs

A

Not environmentally resistant, so relatively easy to remove

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40
Q

Ancylostoma caninum - Host species / zoonoses

A

Dogs only DH. Known zoonoses

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41
Q

Ancylostoma caninum - Life cycle(s)

A
  1. Direct ingestion of ensheathed larvae or vertebrate > mucosal migration
  2. Cutaneous invasion of L3 > semi-tracheal migration
  3. Cutaneous invasion of L3 > somatic migration and transmammary infection
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42
Q

Ancylostoma caninum - Pre-patent period

A

2-3 weeks

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43
Q

Ancylostoma caninum - Time to mature in environment

A

5-8 days

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44
Q

Ancylostoma caninum - Clinical signs

A

Peracute infection of nursing pups (<2wks) – severe anemia in PPP, melena, death
Acute infection of older pups – severe anemia in PPP
Chronic infection of adults – few-no signs unless concomitant health/immunity issues

Generally: Eczema of interdigital spaces/limbs/belly, respiratory signs

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45
Q

Ancylostoma caninum - Zoonotic infections

A

Cutaneous larval migrans and eosinophilic enterocolitis

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46
Q

Ancylostoma caninum - Risks associated with treatment

A

Multi-drug resistance emerging
Larval leak - gut repopulation from somatic pool following treatment

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47
Q

Ancylostoma caninum - Geographical distribution

A

Somewhat prevalent in Western Canada, more common in Southern USA

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48
Q

Ancylostoma caninum - Zoonotic infection

A

Humans are aberrant definitive hosts

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49
Q

Ancylostoma caninum - Egg survival in environment

A

Not environmentally resistant. Prefer warm, humid, unsanitary kennels

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50
Q

Ancylostoma tubaeforme - Host species / zoonoses

A

Cats only DH. Considered potentially zoonotic

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51
Q

Ancylostoma tubaeforme - Geographical distribution

A

Rare in Canadian cats, more common in USA

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52
Q

Ancylostoma tubaeforme - Clinical signs

A

Anemia, diarrhea, weight loss in kittens

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53
Q

Only threadworm species covered in this module?

A

Strongyloides stercoralis

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54
Q

Strongyloides stercoralis - Host species / zoonoses

A

Dogs only DH, human infection possible

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55
Q

Strongyloides stercoralis - Life cycle(s)

A
  1. Ingestion of L3 and hepato-tracheal migration
  2. Cutaneous invasion of L3 and semi-tracheal migration
  3. Free-living (non-parasitic) in warm and wet environments
  4. Transmammary and autoinfection possible
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56
Q

Strongyloides stercoralis - pre-patent period

A

7-14 days

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57
Q

Strongyloides stercoralis - Time to mature in environment

A

1-3 days

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58
Q

Strongyloides stercoralis - Clinical signs

A

Diarrhea, respiratory signs, dermatitis, abdominal pain, eosinophilic enterocolitis

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59
Q

Strongyloides stercoralis - Zoonotic infections

A

Typically appears as cutaneous lesions (migrating larvae) and/or GI signs in vulnerable individuals

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60
Q

Strongyloides stercoralis - Geographical distribution

A

Prefers warm and humid regions (S America, S Asia, Africa)

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61
Q

Two whipworm species covered in this course?

A

Trichuris vulpis
Trichuris serrata

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62
Q

Trichuris vulpis - Host species / zoonoses

A

Dogs only DH. Not zoonotic

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63
Q

Trichuris - Life cycle

A

Direct LC with mucosal migration

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64
Q

Trichuris - pre-patent period

A

2-3 months

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65
Q

Trichuris - Maturation in environment

A

1 week up to months depending on humidity

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66
Q

Trichuris - Egg survival in environment

A

Can survive for months to years. Environmentally resistant

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67
Q

Trichuris - Clinical signs

A

Chronic colitis with bloody, mucoid diarrhea

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68
Q

Trichuris vulpis - Geographical distribution

A

Global distribution. Present but not common in Western Canada

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69
Q

Dirofilaria immitis - Host species / zoonoses

A

Dogs are the main host
Rarely patent infections in cats
Not patent in humans; forms SQ and lung nodules

70
Q

Dirofilaria immitis - Life cycle

A

Infection via mosquito intermediate hosts, which become infected by ingesting microfilariae (L1) and depositing L3

71
Q

Dirofilaria immitis - pre-patent period

A

6-7 months

72
Q

Dirofilaria immitis - Lifespan

A

Adults live 5-7 years (microfilaria 2 years)

73
Q

Dirofilaria immitis - clinical signs

A

Decreased exercise tolerance, coughing, anorexia, weight loss
Possible right heart failure
Glomerulonephritis and proteinuria

74
Q

Dirofilaria immitis - Specific diagnostic test

A

Knotts - Detects microfilaria
Adult female antigen detection via SNAP

75
Q

Dirofilaria immitis - Geographical distribution

A

Uncommon in Canada. Most often seen in southern USA

76
Q

Why might antigen tests for dirofilaria immitis be inaccurate?

A

False positives are possible
Immature females, single-sex (male) infections
Blocked antigen (due to antibodies)

77
Q

Why might Knotts tests for dirofilaria immitis be inaccurate?

A

Testing during pre-patent period
Senescent infections
Masking from monthly preventatives
Diurnal patterns of microfilaria activity

78
Q

Examples of drugs that can kill heartworm?

A

Ivermectin, moxidectin - Microfilaria
Melarsomine - Adults
Doxycycline - Bacteria in HW gut

79
Q

When should heartworm preventative be administered?

A

One month after first possibility of exposure until 1 month after last possibility of exposure (May-Oct)

80
Q

Angiostrongylus vasorum - Host species / zoonoses

A

DH: Dogs (canids), mustelids
Not zoonotic

81
Q

Angiostrongylus vasorum - Geographical distribution

A

East coast of Canada

82
Q

Angiostrongylus vasorum - Life cycle(s)

A

Infection by ingestion of gastropod IH or vertebrate PH containing L3
Heartworm with L1 shed in feces

83
Q

Angiostrongylus vasorum - Clinical signs

A

R heart complications. Can cause DIC, CNS signs

84
Q

Angiostrongylus vasorum - Diagnosis

A

Baermann (sedimentation) or bronchiolar lavage to detect larvae
ELISA for adult antigen

85
Q

Aelurostrongylus abstrusus - Host species / zoonoses

A

Lungworm of cats. Not zoonotic

86
Q

Aelurostrongylus abstrusus - life cycle(s)

A

Infection by ingestion of gastropod IH or vertebrate PH containing L3
Lungworm with L1 excretion in feces

87
Q

Aelurostrongylus abstrusus - Geographical distribution

A

Seen in BC and Atlantic Canada

88
Q

Aelurostrongylus abstrusus - clinical signs

A

Coughing, possible death

89
Q

Crenosoma vulpis - host species / zoonoses

A

Lungworm of dogs and wild canids

90
Q

Crenosoma vulpis - life cycle(s)

A

Infection by ingestion of gastropod IH with L3
Lungworm (bronchi/bronchioles) with L1 shed in feces

91
Q

Crenosoma vulpis - diagnosis

A

Baermann fecal sedimentation

92
Q

Filaroides osleri - host species and zoonoses

A

Seen mostly in wild canids and dogs that hunt them

93
Q

Filaroides osleri - life cycle(s)

A

Grow in tracheal nodules. Direct life cycle with L1 shed in feces, saliva, and vomit, and is immediately infectious

94
Q

Filaroides osleri - clinical signs

A

Possible pathognomonic cough/retch triggered by exercise and cold. Nodules can cause cyanosis and collapse in puppies

95
Q

Filaroides hirthi - differences from F osleri

A

Found in lung parenchyma, not trachea. Clinical only if immunosuppressed dogs, and can cause fatal bronchopneumonia

96
Q

Capillaria - host species and zoonoses

A

Dogs and cats are DH. Not zoonotic

97
Q

Capillaria - Life cycle

A

Live in trachea/bronchi, nasal cavity/sinuses, or bladder (depending on species)
Eggs shed in feces
L1 develop in the eggs either in environment or in an IH

98
Q

Dioctophyma renale - host species / zoonoses

A

Dogs, wild canids, mustelids. Rarely zoonotic

99
Q

Diocytophyma renale - Geographical distribution

A

Relatively common in Manitoba and Ontario

100
Q

Diocytophyma renale - life cycle

A

Eggs shed in urine, worm intermediate host, possible vertebrate PH

101
Q

Taenia - Host species / zoonoses

A

Dog and cat DH. Not zoonotic

102
Q

Taenia - life cycle(s)

A

Infection by ingestion of vertebrate IH. Gravid segments and eggs shed in feces

103
Q

Taenia - pre-patent period

104
Q

Taenia - Time to develop in intermediate host

A

2-3 months

105
Q

Taenia - cyclophyllid metacestodes in intermediate hosts

A

Cysticercus - Single protoscolex in a fluid filled cyst
Coenurus - Many protoscolices on the wall of a fluid-filled cyst
Strobilocercus - Miniature adult with no cyst

106
Q

Taenia - Clinical signs

A

Almost invariably subclinical

107
Q

Taenia - diagnosis

A

Egg morphology from fecal flotation is not specific (identical to Echinococcus)
Segments or adults in feces/necropsy or antigen/PCR preferred

108
Q

Examples of cestodicides?

A

Fenbendazole, praziquantel

109
Q

Taenia - Egg survival in environment

A

Eggs are immediately infective, and environmentally resistant (not freeze tolerant)

110
Q

Taenia - Geographical distribution

A

Somewhat common in Western Canada. Globally distributed

111
Q

Echinococcus granulosus/canadensis - host species / zoonoses

A

Dogs/canids DH
Cervid IH
Possible zoonotic infection - humans as IH

112
Q

Echinococcus canadensis - life cycle(s)

A

Infective eggs shed in feces, ingested by IH, predated by DH

113
Q

Echinococcus canadensis - pre-patent period

114
Q

Echinococcus canadensis - time to mature in IH

A

6-12 months

115
Q

Echinococcus canadensis - larval cyst morphology in intermediate host

A

Cystic hydatid - many protoscolices free in fluid-filled cysts (hydatid sand)

116
Q

Echinococcus - diagnosis

A

Fecal flotation has low sensitivity, eggs are identical to taenia. CoproPCR is preferred

117
Q

Echinococcus - zoonotic infection

A

Humans as intermediate host - hydatid cysts can form in lungs, liver, etc.

118
Q

Echinococcus canadensis - geographical distribution

A

Not super common in dogs, but very prevalent in wild canids. Found across Canada

119
Q

Echinococcus - egg survival in environment

A

Eggs are highly resistant (even to most chemical disinfectants and freezing) and immediately infective

120
Q

Echinococcus multilocularis - geographical distribution

A

All of Western Canada (except maybe Vancouver Island) considered endemic

121
Q

Echinococcus multilocularis - life cycle(s)

A

Infective eggs shed in feces, ingested by small vertebrate IH

122
Q

Echinococcus multilocularis - pre-patent period

123
Q

Echinococcus multilocularis - time to mature in IH

A

2-4 months

124
Q

Echinococcus multilocularis - larval cyst morphology in IH

A

Alveolar hydatid - many protoscolices free in multichambered fluid-filled cysts

125
Q

Treatments for canine alveolar echinococcus?

A

Treat with adult cestodicide (e.g. praziquantel) for 2 days, then larval cestodicide (e.g. albendazole) long-term

126
Q

Diplydium caninum - host species / zoonoses

A

DH dogs and cats
Humans can be DH

127
Q

Diplydium caninum - life cycle(s)

A

gravid segments and egg packets shed in feces, ingested by flea larvae, infection via ingestion of fleas

128
Q

Diplydium caninum - pre-patent period

129
Q

Diplydium caninum - larval morphology in IH

A

Cysticercoid - single protoscolex with no cyst

130
Q

Diplydium caninum - diagnosis

A

Segments relatively easy to detect in feces. Egg packets are heavy and do not float

131
Q

Diplydium caninum - Geographical distribution

A

Found anywhere there are fleas, but most common on the coasts and further South

132
Q

Mesocestoides - host species / zoonoses

A

DH dogs, cats, wild canids
Humans can be DH

133
Q

Mesocestoides - life cycle(s)

A

Gravid segments shed in feces. Two intermediate hosts - arthropod and small vertebrate. Larvae can mature in GIT or peritoneal cavity

134
Q

Dibothriocephalus - life cycle(s)

A

Eggs shed in feces, IH 1 is a crustacean, IH 2 is a fish, +/- pisciverous fish as a PH, then ingested by the dog

135
Q

Dibothriocephalus - geographical distribution

A

Uncommon in Canada; distribution based on parasite species and their host reservoirs

136
Q

Dibothriocephalus - zoonotic infection

A

Can be transmitted to humans as DH from ingestion of contaminated fresh (non-frozen, raw) fish. Can cause vitamin B12 deficiency and pernicious anemia in children

137
Q

Alaria - host species and zoonoses

A

DH dogs, rarely cats/wild canids
People are a possible DH

138
Q

Alaria - geographical distribution

A

Not uncommon in Western Canada

139
Q

Alaria - life cycle(s)

A

Eggs shed in feces. Snail first IH, tadpole/frog second IH, +/- small mammal PH. Fluke grows in GIT (intestines) of DH
Trans-mammary transmission possible in cats

140
Q

Nanophyteus salmincola - host species / zoonoses

A

Dogs DH (cats and other carnivores possible)
Humans possible DH
Can transmit rickettsia infections

141
Q

Nanophyteus salmincola - geographical distribution

A

British Columbia and NW USA

142
Q

Nanophyteus salmincola - life cycle(s)

A

Eggs shed in feces. Gastropod first IH. Salmonid fish second IH. Reproduces in intestines of DH

143
Q

Metorchis conjunctus - host species and zooonoses

A

Dogs main DH. Cats, foxes, mustelids, humans also possible

144
Q

Metorchis conjunctus - life cycle

A

Eggs shed in feces. Gastropod first IH. Suckerfish second IH. Reproduces in liver of DH

145
Q

Three species of burrowing mites?

A

Sarcoptes (dogs)
Notoedres (cats)
Demodex

146
Q

Morphological characteristic of Cheyletiella?

A

Papal claws, giant head

147
Q

Morphological characteristic of Otodectes?

A

Caruncle on short pretarsus

148
Q

Morphological characteristic of Eutrombicula?

A

6 legs - only larvae are parasitic!

149
Q

Transmissibility of burrowing mites?

A

Generally minimally contagious, and host-specific (not zoonotic or only transiently)

150
Q

Transmissibility of surface mites?

A

Generally highly contagious. Cheyletiella is zoonotic.

151
Q

Two genera of hard ticks and how to differentiate them?

A

Dermacentor - Ornate scutum, festooned

Ixodes - Inornate scutum, not festooned

152
Q

Diseases transmitted by dermacentor variabilis?

A

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever, tularemia, Ehrlichia

153
Q

Geographical distribution of dermacentor variabilis?

A

SK, MB, and East

154
Q

Diseases transmitted by dermacentor andersoni?

A

RMSF, Tularemia, Colorado Tick Fever, tick paralysis

155
Q

Geographical distribution of dermacentor andersoni?

A

Most common in BC (and Alberta)

156
Q

Morphological characteristics of Rhipicephalus sanguineus

A

Inornate scutum, festooned, Darth Vader head

157
Q

Geographical distribution of Rhipicephalus sanguineus

A

Not common in Canada; introduced from warmer regions

158
Q

Difference between Ixodes scapularis and Ixodes pacificus?

A

Geographical (Eastern vs Western black legged tick)

159
Q

Main disease transmitted by Ixodes ticks?

A

Lyme disease (Borrelia burgdorferi)

160
Q

Location/seasonality of Ixodes ticks?

A

BC in Fall/Winter

161
Q

What genus of flea is found in BC?

A

Ctenocephalides

162
Q

Main morphological characteristic of Ctenocephalides fleas?

A

Combs (mustache and mullet)

163
Q

Potential pathogens transmitted by fleas?

A

Diplydium caninum
Bartonella
Rickettsia
Yersinia pestis

164
Q

Main morphological characteristic of Pulex fleas?

165
Q

Canine chewing louse species?

A

Trichodectes canis

166
Q

Trichodectes canis morphological characteristics?

A

Large wide head

167
Q

Feline chewing louse species?

A

Felicola subrostratus

168
Q

Felicola subrostratus morphological characteristic?

A

Large triangle head

169
Q

Only important genus of sucking louse?

A

Lignognathus

170
Q

How to ID human lice?

A

Visible eyes like little poppy seeds

171
Q

Genus name of bot fly?

Parasitology (2 decks)

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