Large animal Flashcards
Compare the axial skeleton of the horse to the pig.
In terms of the vertebral column of the horse and the pig
Cervical vertebra: Horse has 7 Pig has the same
Thoracic vertebra: horse has 18 Pig has 14-15
Lumbar vertebra: Horse has 6 Pig has same 6-7
Sacral vertebra: Horse has 5 Pig has 4
Coccygeal vertebra: Horse has 15 – 20 Pig has 20-23
The number of pairs of ribs match the number of thoracic vertebra, so horses have 18 pairs while the pig has 14-15 pairs.
The sternum of the horse is comprised of the
manubrium
5 sternebrae Pig has 4 sternebrae
xiphoid process
Compare the digestive system of the cow to the pig.
Both species have the following structures in common:
· Oesophagus
· stomach
· small intestine
· duodenum
· jejunum
· ileum
· Large intestine
· caecum
· colon
· Rectum
The main differences are in the structure of the stomach and the large intestine.
The pig has a simple stomach which is divided into regions, called the
· cardia
· fundus
· body
· pyloric region
The fundus in the pig is a small out pocket called the gastric diverticulum.
The stomach in the cow is subdivided into four distinct areas with differing functions i.e.
· rumen
· reticulum
· omasum
· abomasums
Both species have an enlarged caecum, the ascending colon in the pig is arranged in a spiral arrangement of coils arranged in a cone shape compared with a series of 3 loops in the cow
the dental formula of a pig?
3/3 Incisors
1/1 canines
4/4 premolars
3/3 molars
44 teeth in total
sheep and cow dental formula
0/4 incisors
0/0 canianes
3/3 premolars
3/3 molars
32 teeth in total
State thedenta comparative differences between the pig and the sheep.
Incissors
Species A = Have 6 upper and 6 lower incissors whereas B has 0 upper incissors but 8 lower incissors
Canines
Species A= 2 upper and 2 lower canine
Species B has no upper or lower canine
· Species A canines are called tusks
· Tusks are open rooted
· Enamel continually grows throughout
Premolars
Species A = 8 upper and lower premolars Species B has 6 upper and lower premolars
Molars
Specis A and B have both 6 upper and 6 lower molars There is no difference in the molars no marks awarded for this
Compare the reproductive anatomy of the stallion with the reproductive anatomy of the bull
The structures below are common to both stallion and bull:
Two testes
Two epidiymes
Two dutus deferens
Scrotum
Accessory glands
Urethra
Penis
Prepuce
The main difference between the stallion and the bull are as follows:
The location of the testes in the stallion is close to the abdominal wall and the long axis of the testes is virtually horizontal
In the bull testes are near sigmoid flexure of the sigmoid (is S shaped) flexure of penis and long asix of each testis is nearly vertical
Scrotum
Bull: elongated and pendulous, stallion is not
Accessory glands
Both have ampullae which are well developed
Vesicular gland Horse = is pear shaped and hollow
Bull is lobulated and of considerable size
Penis
Horse: is musculocavernous – flaccid when not erect
Bull: helmet shaped glans and external opening – into twisted groove
Of the following species, horse, cow, sheep and pig. Which two species are seasonally polyoestrus
Horse and Sheep
What does the term seasonally polyoestrus mean?
This means that both have clearly defined breeding seasons which are determined by daylength and both cycle many times during the season.
temp, pulse, respiration of cow
t-38-39
p-60-80
r-12-30
temp, pulse, respiration of pig
t-39
p-70-80
r-10-20
temp, pulse, respiration of sheep
t-39
p-70-80
r-10-20
temp, pulse, respiration of horse
t-38.3-38.7
p-25-42
r-8-12
Name 3 distinguishing features with regards to the cows dentition. (3)
Brachydont incissors
No canines
No upper incissors a hard pad instead
What is the alternative name given to canines?(1
Tushes
Name 4 distinguishing features about the pigs dentition. (4)
Canine teeth are called tusks.
Tusks are open rooted.
Lower tusks are larger than upper tusks.
Molars are larger than the premolars.
Define the term Hypsodont. (1)
Hypsodont- tall straight crown with no discernable neck. Almost the en-tire hypsodont tooth is covered in enamel. Most of the crown is below the gum line in foals. Equine incisors and cheek teeth are hypsodont.
Name the four stomachs of the ruminant species (4
Rumen
Reticulum
Omasum
Abomasum
Give one reason why horses are nasal obligate breathers.(1)
The soft palate in a horse is much longer than most species. When a horse breathes through the nose the epiglottis prevents the soft palate from rising thus preventing the soft palate being elevated when breathing through the mouth.
Name one characteristic of the following areas of the equine hoof. (3)
Frog: Triangular wedge which has a role in circulation, absorption of concussion and grip.(1)
Sole: Supports and protects internal structures of hoof. Thickness of sole varies and can be susceptible to bruising.(1)
Coronet/Coronary band: Point from which horn grows. (1)
- HYPSODONT
teeth with deep roots,
tall crowns, no discernible neck.
Straight side of tooth.
- BRACHYDONT:
root, short crown, and
discernible neck. Curved edge.
Heterodont-
Have various types of
teeth that are specialised for different
functions.
Dihypodont
-Develop a set of
deciduous which fall out and are
replaced by permanent teeth.
Hypsodontic
tall straight crown with
no discernable neck.
Almost the entire hypsodont tooth is
covered in enamel.
* Most of the crown is below the gum in
foals.
Code of
practice for
the welfare
of Horse,
ponies,
donkeys and
their hybrids
Duty of care for horses
* Providing suitable environment for horses
* Suitable diet
* Behaviour needs
* Companionship
* Keep horse healthy and protected from pain,
suffering, injury and disease.
The Welfare of
Animal(
Transport)(Scotland)
Regulation 2006
Need to make arrangements in advance to
minimise the length of journey and meet animals
needs during journey.
* Means of transported needs to be fit for purpose
and minimise pain/injury/stress- design
construction and maintenance
* Competent personnel who are trained in transport
of animals
* Transport is carried out without delay and welfare
conditions of animals can be checked during
journey.
* Sufficuent floor area and heigh provided for
animals
* Animals watered, fed and rested at suitable
intervals
The Welfare
of Farmed
Animals
(Scotland)
Regulations
2010
Duties of a person responsible for farmed animals
– have to ensure appropriate facilities-prevents
disease, promotes welfare
* Additional duties for person responsible for animal
at slaughterhouse –specifics for different animals
* Welfare code – people working with animals must
be familiar with animal welfare codes.
