Large animal

Question 1

Compare the axial skeleton of the horse to the pig.

Answer 1

In terms of the vertebral column of the horse and the pig

Cervical vertebra: Horse has 7 Pig has the same

Thoracic vertebra: horse has 18 Pig has 14-15

Lumbar vertebra: Horse has 6 Pig has same 6-7

Sacral vertebra: Horse has 5 Pig has 4

Coccygeal vertebra: Horse has 15 – 20 Pig has 20-23

The number of pairs of ribs match the number of thoracic vertebra, so horses have 18 pairs while the pig has 14-15 pairs.

The sternum of the horse is comprised of the

manubrium

5 sternebrae Pig has 4 sternebrae

xiphoid process

Question 2

Compare the digestive system of the cow to the pig.

Answer 2

Both species have the following structures in common:

· Oesophagus

· stomach

· small intestine

· duodenum

· jejunum

· ileum

· Large intestine

· caecum

· colon

· Rectum

The main differences are in the structure of the stomach and the large intestine.

The pig has a simple stomach which is divided into regions, called the

· cardia

· fundus

· body

· pyloric region

The fundus in the pig is a small out pocket called the gastric diverticulum.

The stomach in the cow is subdivided into four distinct areas with differing functions i.e.

· rumen

· reticulum

· omasum

· abomasums

Both species have an enlarged caecum, the ascending colon in the pig is arranged in a spiral arrangement of coils arranged in a cone shape compared with a series of 3 loops in the cow

Question 3

the dental formula of a pig?

Answer 3

3/3 Incisors
1/1 canines
4/4 premolars
3/3 molars
44 teeth in total

Question 4

sheep and cow dental formula

Answer 4

0/4 incisors
0/0 canianes
3/3 premolars
3/3 molars
32 teeth in total

Question 5

State thedenta comparative differences between the pig and the sheep.

Answer 5

Incissors

Species A = Have 6 upper and 6 lower incissors whereas B has 0 upper incissors but 8 lower incissors

Canines

Species A= 2 upper and 2 lower canine

Species B has no upper or lower canine

· Species A canines are called tusks

· Tusks are open rooted

· Enamel continually grows throughout

Premolars

Species A = 8 upper and lower premolars Species B has 6 upper and lower premolars

Molars

Specis A and B have both 6 upper and 6 lower molars There is no difference in the molars no marks awarded for this

Question 6

Compare the reproductive anatomy of the stallion with the reproductive anatomy of the bull

Answer 6

The structures below are common to both stallion and bull:

Two testes

Two epidiymes

Two dutus deferens

Scrotum

Accessory glands

Urethra

Penis

Prepuce

The main difference between the stallion and the bull are as follows:

The location of the testes in the stallion is close to the abdominal wall and the long axis of the testes is virtually horizontal

In the bull testes are near sigmoid flexure of the sigmoid (is S shaped) flexure of penis and long asix of each testis is nearly vertical

Scrotum

Bull: elongated and pendulous, stallion is not

Accessory glands

Both have ampullae which are well developed

Vesicular gland Horse = is pear shaped and hollow

Bull is lobulated and of considerable size

Penis

Horse: is musculocavernous – flaccid when not erect

Bull: helmet shaped glans and external opening – into twisted groove

Question 7

Of the following species, horse, cow, sheep and pig. Which two species are seasonally polyoestrus

Answer 7

Horse and Sheep

Question 8

What does the term seasonally polyoestrus mean?

Answer 8

This means that both have clearly defined breeding seasons which are determined by daylength and both cycle many times during the season.

Question 9

temp, pulse, respiration of cow

Answer 9

t-38-39
p-60-80
r-12-30

Question 10

temp, pulse, respiration of pig

Answer 10

t-39
p-70-80
r-10-20

Question 11

temp, pulse, respiration of sheep

Answer 11

t-39
p-70-80
r-10-20

Question 12

temp, pulse, respiration of horse

Answer 12

t-38.3-38.7
p-25-42
r-8-12

Question 13

Name 3 distinguishing features with regards to the cows dentition. (3)

Answer 13

Brachydont incissors

No canines

No upper incissors a hard pad instead

Question 14

What is the alternative name given to canines?(1

Answer 14

Tushes

Question 15

Name 4 distinguishing features about the pigs dentition. (4)

Answer 15

Canine teeth are called tusks.

Tusks are open rooted.

Lower tusks are larger than upper tusks.

Molars are larger than the premolars.

Question 16

Define the term Hypsodont. (1)

Answer 16

Hypsodont- tall straight crown with no discernable neck. Almost the en-tire hypsodont tooth is covered in enamel. Most of the crown is below the gum line in foals. Equine incisors and cheek teeth are hypsodont.

Question 17

Name the four stomachs of the ruminant species (4

Answer 17

Rumen

Reticulum

Omasum

Abomasum

Question 18

Give one reason why horses are nasal obligate breathers.(1)

Answer 18

The soft palate in a horse is much longer than most species. When a horse breathes through the nose the epiglottis prevents the soft palate from rising thus preventing the soft palate being elevated when breathing through the mouth.

Question 19

Name one characteristic of the following areas of the equine hoof. (3)

Answer 19

Frog: Triangular wedge which has a role in circulation, absorption of concussion and grip.(1)

Sole: Supports and protects internal structures of hoof. Thickness of sole varies and can be susceptible to bruising.(1)

Coronet/Coronary band: Point from which horn grows. (1)

Question 20

• HYPSODONT

Answer 20

teeth with deep roots,
tall crowns, no discernible neck.
Straight side of tooth.

Question 21

• BRACHYDONT:

Answer 21

root, short crown, and
discernible neck. Curved edge.

Question 22

Heterodont-

Answer 22

Have various types of
teeth that are specialised for different
functions.

Question 23

Dihypodont

Answer 23

-Develop a set of
deciduous which fall out and are
replaced by permanent teeth.

Question 24

Hypsodontic

Answer 24

tall straight crown with
no discernable neck.
Almost the entire hypsodont tooth is
covered in enamel.
* Most of the crown is below the gum in
foals.

Question 25

Code of
practice for
the welfare
of Horse,
ponies,
donkeys and
their hybrids

Answer 25

Duty of care for horses
* Providing suitable environment for horses
* Suitable diet
* Behaviour needs
* Companionship
* Keep horse healthy and protected from pain,
suffering, injury and disease.

Question 26

The Welfare of
Animal(
Transport)(Scotland)
Regulation 2006

Answer 26

Need to make arrangements in advance to
minimise the length of journey and meet animals
needs during journey.
* Means of transported needs to be fit for purpose
and minimise pain/injury/stress- design
construction and maintenance
* Competent personnel who are trained in transport
of animals
* Transport is carried out without delay and welfare
conditions of animals can be checked during
journey.
* Sufficuent floor area and heigh provided for
animals
* Animals watered, fed and rested at suitable
intervals

Question 27

The Welfare
of Farmed
Animals
(Scotland)
Regulations
2010

Answer 27

Duties of a person responsible for farmed animals
– have to ensure appropriate facilities-prevents
disease, promotes welfare
* Additional duties for person responsible for animal
at slaughterhouse –specifics for different animals
* Welfare code – people working with animals must
be familiar with animal welfare codes.