LARE Section 2_2 Flashcards

Question

What are first order streams?

Answer 1

primary drainange ways at the beginning of a hydrological system

Answer 2

streams formed by the confluence of two first-order streams (naming continues until additional streams come together in a hydrological system)

Answer 3

a stream that flows only in response to precipitation

Answer 4

A stream that flows only part of the time or through only part of its reach

Answer 5

a stream that flows continuously

Answer 6

an area of land adjoining a body of water that has been or may be covered by flood water.

Answer 7

an area of land that has a 1% chance to flood in any given area or will flood once every century on average

Answer 8

Channel, floodway, and flood fringe

Answer 9

the portion of the floodplain where a stream/river flows under normal conditions

Answer 10

the portion of the floodplain that is used to convey floodwaters during a 100-year flood

Answer 11

the portion of the floodplain outside the floodway that doesn't not convey floodwaters and usually contains standing or slow-moving water.

Answer 12

whole-foot elevations of the 100 year floodplain that have been studied in detail at selected intervals. In areas where building has occurred within the 100 year floodplain, BFE calcs are often used to determine the heigh to which living spaces must be constructed to be safe from a 100 year flood.

Answer 13

any portion of the flood in excess of the base elevation

Answer 14

FEMA Flood Insurance Maps

Answer 15

-expanding opportunities for stormwater infiltration -minimizing the uses of impervious surfaces - decreasing the volume of runoff during storm events -restricting development to areas outside the floodplain

Answer 16

any single identifiable source of pollution from which pollutants are discharged (e.g. factory smokestack)

Answer 17

pollution caused by rainfall or snowmelt moving over and through the ground, during which it absorbs and/or assimilates natural and human-made pollutants and deposits them into lakes, rivers, wetland, groundwater and ocean.

Answer 18

Decline in water quality Negative impacts to aquatic vegetation and animals Negative impacts to aquatic recreation Unwanted biological growth Increased turbidity Decreased flow capacity in streams/rivers Flooding in areas that never or rarely flooded in the past

Answer 19

can be thought of as the opposite of erosion- sediment is deposited. Especially in the inner radius of the river banks as water flows.

Answer 20

When water demand exceeds aquifer recharge rates Groundwater pumping

Answer 21

Land subsidence and related ground failures

Answer 22

USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map

Answer 23

the measurement of an object's reflectivity, it measures the fraction of solar energy reflected from the surface back into space

Answer 24

between 0-1, with 1 being white and 0 being black (measuring the whiteness of a surface)

Answer 25

the angle at which a ray of light hits a surface

Answer 26

the direction of a celestial object from the observer, expressed as the angular distance from the north or south point of the horizon to the point at which a vertical circle passing through the object intersects with the horizon

Answer 27

a wind that blows from a higher elevation to a lower elevation

Answer 28

Can cause dryer climates Can lower temperatures- destroy crops Lower air temperature Worse air quality

Answer 29

southeastern

Answer 30

a measure of the type and density of development that can be supported without detrimental effects to society, the economy, or the environment and without decreasing the capacity of the environment to sustain these uses into the future.

Answer 31

is the impact of a person/community or use on the environment, expressed as the amount of land required to sustain their use of natural resources.

Answer 32

plants that require little moisture to survive and are often referred to as “drought tolerant”.

Answer 33

plants that are adapted to neither dry nor wet environments and grow best with a moderate use of water.

Answer 34

plants that are adapted to living in aquatic or in wetland conditions with a surplus of available water.

Answer 35

-pre-adapted to respective climate -often less resource intensive to grow than exotic plants -tend to provide outstanding wildlife benefits -greater sense of place

Answer 36

Groundwater discharge Sediment stabilization Flood attenuation Water quality maintenance Wildlife habitat Climate moderation Shoreline protection

Answer 37

marine: open ocean and associated coastline estuarine: tidal water of coastal rivers, salty tidal marshes, mangrove swamps, and tidal flats riverine: rivers and streams lacustrine: lakes, reservoirs, and large ponds palustrine: marshes, wet meadows, fens, bogs, swamps

Answer 38

found in northern climates acidic soils rich deposits of organic materials (such as peat) a diversity of vegetation types fed by rainwater or snow peat moss is dominant

Answer 39

found in northern climates acidic soils (but less than bogs) rich deposits of organic materials (such as peat) a diversity of vegetation types fed by groundwater sedges are dominant

Answer 40

semi-enclosed coastal body of water connected with the open sea strongly affected by tidal action and contain brackish water (seawater + fresh water)

Answer 41

type of wetland characterized by vegetation no taller than 6' they can flood and dry out rich in nutrients overgrown with leafy vegetation

Answer 42

wetland dominated by woody vegetation are like wooded marshes They are soggy landscapes with waterlogged trees and other plants

Answer 43

the fungal disease that causes black, round spots that form on the upper side of leaves, particularly on roses (as well as other highly ornamental plants). Black spot is a problem during extended periods of wet weather or when leavers are wet for 6 hours or more

Answer 44

often identified by an open wound that has been infected by fungal or bacterial pathogens. Canker occurs primarily on woody landscape plants and trees.

Answer 45

is a condition typically caused by iron deficiency and is manifested by yellowed leaves with green veins. This iron deficiency can be produced by overly alkaline soils (high pH), overwatering and lack of soil aeration

Answer 46

is a genetic mutation of a plant’s growing tip, and it affects the stem, flowers, or fruits by inducing malformed growth.

Answer 47

is a fungal disease in which infected plants will display a white powdery that is most visible on upper leaf surfaces. This fungus thrives during low soil moisture conditions combined with high humidity levels on the upper parts of the plant surface

Answer 48

arterial (minor and principal), local, and collector

Answer 49

size of the project environmental features on site existing site constraints proposed project scope

Answer 50

to document a final built work and ensure that a project was consturctred according to site plans

Answer 51

several scales of government including towns, cities, and counties

Answer 52

differences in humidity, temperature, rainfall and wind over a small area

Answer 53

reduce available fuel load maintain defensible space around structures

Answer 54

Available moisture temperature extremes composition of soils

Answer 55

characterizes the visibility of locations from two or more viewing points how visible is it to see into the site from multiple point

Answer 56

shows the locations that can be seen from an individual viewing point

Answer 57

plan used to protect or otherwise control the view shed of a specific area

Answer 58

southeastern

Answer 59

northwestern

Answer 60

Town, range, and section information New construction since the last printing Wetlands Topography

Answer 61

Equal parts silt and sand, less clay. Example: 30% sand, 40% silt, 30% clay or 20% clay, 40% silt, 40% sand

Answer 62

large clumps are easily broken apart by hand, but cannot be easily broken apart into small particles

Answer 63

describes void space has direct relationship with porosity allow them to drain very quickly

Answer 64

a soil that contains various particle sizes

Answer 65

consists of a single range of particle size

Answer 66

landscape underlain with limestone which has been eroded by dissolution, producing ridges, towers, fissures, sinkholes and other characteristic landforms

Answer 67

a glacially deposited rock differing from the native type of rock deposited by glacial movement

Answer 68

a mass of rocks and sediment carried down and deposited by a glacier typically as ridges at its edges

Answer 69

the amount of time needed for water to flow from the most remote point in a watershed to the watershed outlet

Answer 70

topography (steeper slopes have slower infiltration), material

Answer 71

Invitations to focus group participants Transportation to the meeting site Audio and video recording equipment Facilitator with script and core themes Presentation materials/visual aids Refreshments Release forms Transcript of focus group discussion (produced after the event concludes)

Answer 72

useful tool in helping communities and the general public determine how they would like their neighborhood/city to look in the future, and they are typically conducted by showing precedent imagery to a person/group of people and asking for their feedback on that image.

Answer 73

Buildings scales, massing and placement Building articulation Streetscapes Open space/parks Parking and mass transit

Answer 74

charrettes can engage neighborhood groups, members of the design team or a group of public officials. Whereas focus groups emphasize data- particularly related to poinions-charrettes are often more interactive and projective, and they typically require participants to translate their opinions into discrete preferences or even elements of a proposed design through a process of collaboration. As such, charrettes are particularly relevant to a project as it transitions from analysis into the concept design phase, and charrettes may be used to present stakeholders with a series of concept plans that are based on the outcomes of the site inventory and analysis process.

Answer 75

1. Identification of a specific community problem to study, understand, and hopefully resolve 2. Participation of interested citizens, particularly those experiencing the problem, who are willing to be involved in the decision-making process. 3. Involvement of professional experts from within and outside the community; initially these experts listen and learn as citizens express concerns 4. Commitment from the relevant power structure to put into effect the plans and recommendations of the charette. Representatives of the power structure are to be present to hear the concerns expressed by the citizens.

Answer 76

They have preceded by pre-notification Contain clear, non-technical language Have well-delineated purpose clearly stated in an introduction Are concise and make use of graphics as needed Are not overly difficult or time-consuming for the participant

Answer 77

are detailed maps of U.S. cities and towns in the 19th and 20th centuries. Originally published by The Sanborn Map Company (Sanborn), the maps were created to allow fire insurance companies to assess their total liability in urbanized areas of the United States. Since they contain detailed information about properties and individual buildings in approximately 12,000 U.S. cities and towns, Sanborn maps are valuable for documenting changes in the built environment of American cities over many decades.

Answer 78

are a planning document that establishes a government's policy for the long-term future development of the land under their control. Usually over a twenty to thirty year period. bring together all the major determinants of growth and development (housing, transportation, utilities, natural and cultural resources, community demographics and economic development) into a single planning document, and they establish a series of non-binding policy goals

Answer 79

minimum lot sizes or dwelling units per acre for residential or FAR for non-residential

Answer 80

These standards define the portion of the parcel that can be occupied by buildings and may establish a maximum percentage of the site to be covered by a new building, the building’s FAR, and/or the building’s height. Dimensional standards are also enforced by minimum lot sizes and through required building setbacks from property lines

Answer 81

special districts established within the zoning code that offer additional protections to specific resources. Example: prime farmland, historic neighborhoods, environmentally sensitive areas

Answer 82

regulatory body of public officials that governs planning and development-related issues

Answer 83

allow certain restricted forms of development to be permitted due to extenuating circumstances, specifically if compliance with the zoning regulations would pose a hardship to the landowner. Variances can affect or change minimum set-back requirements, building height and FAR limits, as well as similar dimensional issues. However, a variance cannot be used to alter the essential character of the zoning district in which the land is located, including allowing a nonconforming use.

Answer 84

allow for a property owner to request an exception to a zoning ordinance subject to approval by a zoning board/zoning commission. However, conditional use permits allow for nonconforming uses to be permitted within a specific zone, whereas variances do not (given that they generally address dimensional and density-related issues). Conditional use permits are generally granted when the non-permitted use would benefit the general welfare of the community and if the change would be consistent with objectives outline in the jurisdiction’s comprehensive plan.

Answer 85

do not increase development density on a site. Rather, cluster developments take the total number of development units allowed on a site and group these units into clusters of greater density, thereby preserving open space.

Answer 86

Preservation of open space and site character Protection of critical natural and cultural historic/resources on a site Reduction of impervious surfaces across the site Lowered construction costs for streets, utilities, and other infrastructure Reduction in site disturbance/grading Reduced visual impact of existing communities

Answer 87

combine residential and commercial uses

Answer 88

Provide a distinct sense of place Encourage sustainability via efficient, high-density development Mixed uses cater to a diverse public Density encourages pedestrian activity and use of public transit Creative active public spaces Greater public safety due to increase in site usage Conducive to urban in-fill redevelopment and reuse of historic structures

Answer 89

often framed as a variation of traditional zoning practices or “rezoned” special districts. PUDs are a tract of land that is controlled by one entity and planned and developed as a single development (at once or in stages) over a relatively long period of time (generally 5-15 years). PUDs allow the consolidation of multiple parcels into a single master-planned project, often for mixed-use development. PUDs provide greater flexibility in meeting the density and land use requirements for the site as a whole and- as such- allow for the protection of environmentally sensitive areas and the creation of walkable neighborhoods, among other benefits.

Answer 90

Transit-oriented development (TOD) encourages mixed-use, high-density development in areas surrounding multi-modal transportation hubs. TOD principles state that developments should be located within ⅛ mile of transit hubs in downtown areas, and ½ mile radius around mass transit stations in all other conditions.

Answer 91

Encourage high-density development Mitigate urban sprawl Mix commercial/office and residential uses Provide housing for all price ranges Reduce parking requirements Encourage use of public transit Create walkable communities and active public spaces.

Answer 92

outlines city services that are to be repaired, expanded or otherwise upgraded. It is a short-range plan (usually addressing a four to ten-year period), and it provides a planning schedule and identifies options for financing capital improvements. Essentially, the capital improvement program is the link between the government and its available resources (i.e. budget) and the content outlined in a comprehensive/strategic plan.

Answer 93

formed to represent the local community (or special interests from within the local community). They provide feedback to decision makers, including a planning commission, city council, public agency, or private development interests.

Answer 94

establish standards for architecture and landscape architecture features of new development- often in master planned communities and planned unit developments. Design guidelines promote aesthetic continuity and outline a vision of what- precisely-comprises acceptable development in a given community. When voluntary, the applicable standards are usually referred to as “design guidelines”, and mandatory review standards are called “design controls”.

Answer 95

ad hoc citizens’ committee formed or supported by a public agency with a well-defined objective related to a single problem or subject.

Answer 96

are groups that represent technical or scientific interests or information relevant to the work conducted by a planning commission, city council, public agency, or private development interests.

Answer 97

is a mechanism used to control development on a given property. Through entering into an agreement for the purchase of development rights, a property owner is essentially selling their development potential (but not the property/land itself) to another party.

Answer 98

to encourage agricultural, open space, or environmental uses on a site that might otherwise be developed for housing or another “high value” use. Public entities and non-profits often purchase development rights and hold them in a trust, thereby withdrawing them from use, and PDRs are often used in situations where zoning controls or voluntary agreements like covenants are limited either through inappropriateness or by lack of authority/control.

Answer 99

However, TDRs allow development rights to be used in another location, rather than to be retired outright. Development rights are often sold in a “sending “ or “preservation” zone to be used in a “receiving” or “development” zone. Although TDRs are sold on the private market, a local government may establish a “TDR bank” to buy and sell development rights toward the same goal as PDRs, that is, encouraging agricultural, open space, and environmental uses.

Answer 100

allows physical access across a site to an adjacent property.

Answer 101

provides physical access to a utility company to install, replace and otherwise maintain utility infrastructure crossing a property (e.g. power lines, sewer lines)

Answer 102

restricts development for the purpose of preserving important environmental features and protecting outdoor recreational uses (e.g. hiking trails)

Answer 103

restricts development in areas that would block or otherwise degrade a scenic view

Answer 104

protects solar access to an adjacent property.

Answer 105

also known as deed restrictions, are consensual agreements that restrict what can be done with private property. Covenants place additional rules or restrictions on the use of land that supplements any regulations established in a zoning code, subdivision regulations, or building codes Covenants are usually introduced during real estate transactions, at which time this voluntary agreement is drafted into the new deed. Although private parties (rather than governments) impose covenants, they constitute a valid contract and are thus legally enforceable.

Answer 106

- arterial (interstates and expressways, roads that carry most traffic entering and leaving urban areas) - collector (carry trips to and rom arterials into residential, commercial, and industrial) - local (local roads include most residential and other side streets and are the road type with the lowest traffic volume)

Answer 107

used to determine the location of vehicular access points and take into account visibility, location of the proposed access point, its relationship to other existing access points and the speed and volume of traffic flowing along the proposed point access

Answer 108

generally address the extent of a site and its environmental resources. They will also provide recommendations for site monitoring and suggest strategies for mitigation EIS is often required only for those projects that are expected to have significant (negative) environmental impacts and are thus intended to inform decision makers (such as plan reviewers or other public agency staff) and the public of the impacts of a proposed development and describe to them any reasonable alternatives that would avoid or minimize adverse impacts or enhance the quality of the human environment.

Answer 109

A description (including maps) of the area(s) to be affected by a proposed development An inventory and analysis of the site’s resources Detailed studies of the environmental consequences of development. Note that this forms the basis for comparisons to any proposed development alternatives and/or mitigation Description of development alternatives an/or mitigation, including the impacts of those alternatives and/or mitigation

Answer 110

a report prepared for a real estate holding that identifies potential or existing environmental contamination liabilities on a site, and it often entails historical research to determine if past site uses would have caused a release of hazardous substances and determine if any environmental issues (e.g. soil contamination) still exist on site

Answer 111

Physical conditions (e.g. site size and shape, steep slopes, microclimatic factors such as wind direction and sun/shade patterns) Regulations and standards (e.g. zoning codes, building codes, and design guidelines) Open space (to protect natural resources and/or buffer developed areas from hazards such as floods and landslides) Boundary interface with off-site properties and public infrastructure

Answer 112

Neighborhood, community and regional character Nuisances (e.g. adjacent highway that produces noise, odors, and undesirable views) Number and location of site entrances (adjacent street or transit stops suggest preferred locations for providing access to the site) Presence of significant view

Answer 113

a drawing that illustrates the relationship between project elements (often site program) without being drawn to scale or in relationship to the site sometimes referred to as “spatial relationship diagrams"

Answer 114

organize the project’s proposed elements approximately where they are to be located on the site, and they tend to identify three key site elements: - Open space - Circulation - Development pods/activity zones

Answer 115

Open space: active and passive recreation areas, conservation areas Buildings Landmarks (including specimen trees) Vehicle Circulation: streets and site entrances, passenger drop-off areas), parking, loading/service areas Pedestrian Circulation: walkways, crosswalks, site and building entrances, meeting areas/nodes Other Circulation: bike paths, public transit stations, lines and stops Utilities (including easements) Views: prominent views to and from the site

Answer 116

1. Message 2. Medium 3. Audience 4. Setting 5. Time