LARE Section 2 Flashcards
A project program will always include:
- A list of goals and objectives
- Elements to be included in the design
- Special requirements for the design to fulfill
What is the difference between goals and objectives?
Goals are general statements of intent for the overall design, objectives are specific statements that suggest how goals are going to be accomplished. They are more action oriented.
What information guides programming studies?
- Market Analyses
- Literature review
- User demand studies
- Stakeholder interviews/surveys
- Analysis of relevant precedents
- Client objectives
- Project budget
Site selection is guided by….
- project objectives
- project requirements
- the general location/area/region for desired use
What are the benefits of a thorough site selection?
- Improved site function
- Greater convenience and access for users
- Reduced construction costs
- Reduced maintenance operational costs
- Improved aesthetics
- Reduced environmental impacts
What are the seven steps of the site selection process are as follows:
- Determining the project objectives and requirements
- Establishing the site selection criteria
- Identifying potential sites
- Evaluating each potential site against the project requirements
- Ranking the potential site against one another
- Selecting the ideal site
- Testing the project’s feasibility
Which type of development should be encouraged: urban in-fill/brownfield developments vs. greenfield sites?
Urban In-fill and Brownfield Sites
Urban In-Fill
development on unused and underutilized lands within urban areas
Brownfield Site
Any previously developed land that is not currently in use. It may be potentially contaminated, but it is not required for and area to be referred to as “brownfield”
Phase 1 Environmental Site Assessment
Site assessment required on all brownfield sites prior to the sale of the property to determine the past and current site ownership and to identify if any activities took place that would have resulted in site contamination.
Phase 2 Environmental Site Assessment
Required to determine the location and remediation of contaminants on site and to establish if future
What does an environmental impact statement include?
- A description (including maps) of the area(s) to be affected by a proposed development
- An inventory and analysis of the site’s resources
- Detailed studies of the environmental consequences of development. Note that this forms the basis for comparisons to any proposed development alternatives and/or mitigation
- Description of development alternatives an/or mitigation, including the impacts of those alternatives and/or mitigation
What is a PUD?
Although sometimes included as part of zoning regulations, PUDs are often framed as a variation of traditional zoning practices or “rezoned” special districts.
PUDs are a tract of land that is controlled by one entity and planned and developed as a single development (at once or in stages) over a relatively long period of time (generally 5-15 years). PUDs allow the consolidation of multiple parcels into a single master-planned project, often for mixed-use development. PUDs provide greater flexibility in meeting the density and land use requirements for the site as a whole and- as such- allow for the protection of environmentally sensitive areas and the creation of walkable neighborhoods, among other benefits.
What would be requested for a project that proposes higher densities and mixed uses on some portions of the site and preservation of open space on others?
Planned Unit Development
The site inventory should be…
a focused process of collecting and mapping essential attribute attribute data for the site and its context
What does a topographic survey include?
- Topographic Contours
- Spot Elevations
- Vegetation and physical attributes: including streams, rock outcroppings and wooded areas
- Utilities
- Boundaries
What is a topographic survey?
Like a boundary survey, topographic information is often conducted as part of the scope of an ALTA survey. However, there are numerous instances when a client or designer needs updated or higher resolution topographic information an- in these instances- they would commission a topographic survey
Which attributes can be combined to produce a solar radiation map?
Slope, aspect, vegetation, soils
What are native plant associations defined by?
Repetition of the dominant plants indigenous to a given area
Wetland delineation is defined by changes in…
hydric soils, must support wetland vegetation
How is plant health affected by a reduction in available phosphorous and potassium?
Reduced production of fruits, seeds, and root growth
The seven steps of the site selection process are as follows:
Determining the project objectives and requirements
Establishing the site selection criteria
Identifying potential sites
Evaluating each potential site against the project requirements
Ranking the potential site against one another
Selecting the ideal site
Testing the project’s feasibility
What is the difference between site inventory and site analysis?
site inventory is the process of documenting various site data while site analysis requires the landscape architect to interpret the site inventory data to make conclusions relevant to the design process.
What are the advantages and disadvantages of developing a brownfield site or an urban infill site?:
- Economic revitalization
- Providing housing near jobs and services
- Decreasing automobile use (less traffic, pollution, carbon emission reduction)
- Transit-oriented development of walkable neighborhoods
- Greater sense of community
Is the same type of information collected and analyzed for each project?
No, it depends on the project schedule, budget, developmental regulations, etc.
What does a community resource inventory include?
map wetlands, archaeological sites, scenic views, and significant wildlife habitats as well as ecological and cultural resources such as forests, floodplains, farmland, aquifers, and historic structures.
What is an initial site reconnaissance?
The site reconnaissance may take the form of an in-person site visit, but it may also involve reviewing basic site data, such as an existing survey of the site.
What happens after the site reconnaissance takes place?
After the initial reconnaissance- and if the site meets the basic project criteria- the landscape architect would then develop a base map.
What is an ALTA survey commonly referred to as?
title survey
What does an ALTA survey stand for?
American Land Title Association
What is included in an ALTA survey?
Property boundary
Public ROW
Easements
Topography
Existing Buildings
Existing Utilities
Flood Zone Classifications
Adjacent Property Users and Owners
When is it appropriate to use a USGS topographic map for a base map?
When the site is large (e.g. 500 acres) or if multiple project sites are being investigated simultaneously
What are two other names for a USGS topographic map?
USGS quadrangle map or 7.5 minute quadrangle map
What scale are USGS topographic maps?
1:24,000
What type of information is included in a USGS topographic map?
Topography
Township, range, and section
Transportation infrastructure
Rivers, floodplains, wetlands, and basic physiographic information
Building and new construction since the last printing
In what form are USGS maps most commonly available now?
Free GIS datasets
What are Historical Topographic Map Collection (HTMC)
The USGS printed maps (from 1884-2006) that have been scanned and input into GIS
What is the The Public Land Survey System (PLSS)?
a method of dividing land in a grid system (for the purpose of sale) that is specific to the United States. It is used in most- but not all- regions of the United States.
Draw and label an example of a a quadrangle; including the relationship of townships, sections, quarter sections, range lines, township lines,
-quadrangle: 24 miles x 24 miles
-townships: 6 miles x 6 miles
-meridian: divides the quadrangle in half vertically
-baseline: divides the quadrangle in half horizontally
-each township is numbered according to its position relative to the base line and principal baseline
-e.g.: T2S/R2W would mean township 2 south (of baseline) Range 2 west (of principal meridian)
How many sections are in one township? How large are they in miles and acres
36 sections; 1 mile x 1 mile; 640 acres
How are sections within a township numbered?
from 1-36 from top right across and down in a back and forth to the bottom right
How many acres are in a 1 mile x 1 mile square?
640 acres
What are the advantages and disadvantages of developing a brownfield site or an urban infill site?:
- Economic revitalization
- Providing housing near jobs and services
- Decreasing automobile use (less traffic, pollution, carbon emission reduction)
- Transit-oriented development of walkable neighborhoods
- Greater sense of community
How are sections subdivided?
Into fractions:
1/8 section= 80 acres
1/4 section= 160 acres
1/2 section= 320 acres
What is an ALTA survey commonly referred to as?
title survey
What are the advantages and disadvantages of developing a brownfield site or an urban infill site?:
- Economic revitalization
- Providing housing near jobs and services
- Decreasing automobile use (less traffic, pollution, carbon emission reduction)
- Transit-oriented development of walkable neighborhoods
- Greater sense of community
What type of survey is used to record a property or real estate transaction?
ALTA Survey / Title Survey
What is an ALTA survey commonly referred to as?
title survey
What is the purpose of an As-Built Survey and how are they conducted?
The purpose of an as-built survey is to document a final built work and ensure that a project was constructed according to the construction documents. As-built surveys are generally conducted over the course of construction to fully document all site elements as they exist in the real world, and the location and nature of these site elements may differ from that shown on a landscape architect’s site plans due to a variety of factors.
What is the purpose of a Boundary Survey and how are they conducted?
Used to define the boundaries of a parcel of land. Boundary surveys are typically conducted before subdividing, improving, or building on land, and they are often incorporated into other scopes of survey work, including the ALTA survey. Property boundaries are described using a system of bearings established
What is the purpose of a Topographic Survey and how are they conducted?
Like a boundary survey, topographic information is often conducted as part of the scope of an ALTA survey. However, there are numerous instances when a client or designer needs updated or higher resolution topographic information and in these instances- they would commission a topographic survey.
What information is included in a Topographic Survey?
- Topographic Contours: with contour intervals determined by the client/designer. Most design work uses 2’ contour intervals with additional spot elevations.
- Spot Elevations: Highly accurate measurements of specific site elements- for example the top of wall or bottom of staircase
- Vegetation and physical attributes: including streams, rock outcroppings and wooded areas
- Utilities
What type of documentation is aerial photography useful for?
is generally used for documenting static, high-contrast and large-scale phenomena, such as buildings and differences between vegetated and non-vegetated areas. They may also be used as a raster image in GIS as a background to other data.
What is a surveying backsight?
A point used to determine the elevation and/or angular orientation of the surveying point.
Be able to determine the bearing of a line
The bearing direction will be in whichever cardinal direction the line is travelling in (follow the directions 1-3) then subtract the first bearing direction given along the lines from the overall angle of the shape.
What is chain surveying? What type of applications are appropriate for chain surveying?
a type of basic surveying in which only linear measurements are made and is suitable for the survey of small, relatively flat areas.
What is color infrared aerial photography? what is it commonly used for?
is typically used to track the growth of vegetation over time. Color infrared imagery can be used to track tree diseases (e.g. oak wilt blight) and insect damage (e.g. tent caterpillar infestations) and are often supplemented with data collected afterward on-site by a specialist such as an arborist.
What does leveling refer to in surveying?
the process of determining the height of one level relative to another. It is used in surveying to establish the elevation of a point relative to a datum, or to establish a point at a given elevation relative to a datum.
What is LIDAR?
Light Detection and Ranging, is an imaging technology often used for aerial site surveys. LIDAR sensors can “see” through vegetation to detect topography and can provide more complete and accurate topographic information than aerial photography and at a lower cost and within a shorter period than a field survey.
What are the advantages and disadvantages of developing a brownfield site or an urban infill site?:
- Economic revitalization
- Providing housing near jobs and services
- Decreasing automobile use (less traffic, pollution, carbon emission reduction)
- Transit-oriented development of walkable neighborhoods
- Greater sense of community
In surveying, what is a Stadia Measurment?
a survey technique that uses the observed height of a graduated, upright rod (often 6’ in height) to infer horizontal distance
What is an ALTA survey commonly referred to as?
title survey
In surveying, what is traversing? what types of applications is it useful for?
a survey technique that maps an area of land using a series of interconnected lines. A traverse may be considered “open” if it does not form an enclosed area (e.g. a straight road) or “closed” if it does (e.g. a property boundary.) Lines in a traverse have both a bearing and a distance. Useful for establishing boundaries
What is site analysis?
Site Analysis synthesizes the data collected during the site inventory to identify opportunities and constraints for a specific project/land use.
Describe a Suitability Analysis and what the 3 steps are:
can be regarded as analogous to site inventory and analysis process for the LARE. Here are the basic steps:
1. Identify suitability criteria for each anticipated use
2. Collect and map the relevant site data
3. Identify and map the site locations and attribute values that meet the suitability criteria for the targeted land uses.
Environmental Determinism
a site’s pre-existing biophysical conditions that drive development decisions. This can also be considered analogous to site inventory and analysis
Give some examples of constraints/opportunities
- Slopes: suitable for use or require extensive excavation
-Access to transportation: lack of access to interstate highway, rail infrastructure, or airport - or located along a road that is too busy for intended use
-Local opposition to new construction
-Zoning code that approves the intended use
-Soils that approves the intended use for the parcel in question
-Brownfield site with compatible infrastructure already in place.
What is a conservation easement?
restricts development for the purpose of preserving important environmental features and protecting outdoor recreational uses (e.g. hiking trails)
What is a soil series? How are they named?
groups of soils originating from the same parent material and having similar soil horizons in the soil profile, with the primary difference between them being their soil texture. Each soil series is named from a nearby geographic feature (e.g. town name). Soil series are divided into phases based upon their difference in texture and the name of a soil phase indicates a feature that affects management.
- Example: Hagerstown silt loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes
What is the smallest units that soils are subdivided into (except for soil type/phase)?
Soil series
What characteristics differentiate series?
Horizons, color, thickness, texture, erosion phase, slope, organic content, and depth to hardpan
Who provides soil maps to the public outlining soil series for specific sites?
USDA/NRCS
What is a soil horizon?
a layer parallel to the soil surface whose physical, chemical and biological characteristics differ from the layers above and beneath. Horizons are defined by obvious physical features such as color and texture. (refers to individual layers)
What is a soil profile?
a vertical section of the soil through all its horizons and extending into the parent material. (describes the combination of soil horizons)
What are the three components of soil texture? Describe them and their respective sizes.
Sand: particles between .5-2.0 millimeters
Silt: particles between .05-.002 millimeters; can be picked up by air or water and deposited as sediment
Clay: particles less that .002 millimeters
What is loam?
soil that is primarily composed of sand and silt, with a small amount of clay particles. As a general rule, there are equal parts sand and silt in a loam soil, and most sources list loam as being composed of 40% sand, 40% silt and 20% clay.
What is friable soil?
soil with a texture in which large clumps are easily broken apart by hand, but which cannot be easily broken apart into (undesirably) small particles. As such, friable soils are ideal for agriculture and for growth of most plants.
How is a soil texture read?
By percentage of silt, clay, and sand. Use the breakdown of these percentages to determine the description of the soil in question.
What are the advantages and disadvantages of developing a brownfield site or an urban infill site?:
- Economic revitalization
- Providing housing near jobs and services
- Decreasing automobile use (less traffic, pollution, carbon emission reduction)
- Transit-oriented development of walkable neighborhoods
- Greater sense of community
What is soil porosity?
describes void size between particles within a soil and can be expressed as the percentage of void space in a soil
Which type of soil texture is difficult to compact?
Sandy soil- large particle sizes are larger, keep their void space, drain very quickly
What is well-graded soil? What are the benefits for construction?
a soil with a wide range and even distribution of particle sizes, in which the small soil particles fill the voids created by the larger grains. Easy to compact.
What is gap-graded soil?
A soil that contains various particle sizes, but in which gradation between sizes is broken by the absence of particle sizes.
What is uniformly graded soil?
a soil that consists of a single range of particle size.
What is soil permeability?
the rate at which water moves through soil
What is infiltration rate?
the rate of speed at which water flows into soil through small pores.
What is percolation?
the downward movement of water in soil.
What is the difference between percolation, infiltration, and porosity?
Infiltration is: the process by which water on the ground enters the soil, downward movement into the soil, occurs on the surface of the soil, replenishes soil water deficiency
Percolation is: the slow movement of water through the pores in soil, the downward movement of water into the soil and rock, occurs slowly, occurs underground, replenishes underground aquifer
Porosity: refers to the character of the soil, not the movement of water. High porosity soil would have a high permeability.
How can you amend soil to have better permeability?
they can be amended with sand and/or gravel to increase their permeability.
How can you reduce soil permeability
adding clay to sand soils can reduce permeability, as can the addition of peat moss or other highly absorbent organic materials.
What are hydric soils?
Soils with low permeability in areas subject to regular moisture are called hydric soils. They are characterized by being heavily saturated with water for prolonged saturation renders the soils anaerobic and generally results in the soils being bluish in color.
What could dark brown/black soil indicate?
High organic matter content, charcoal
What could red soil indicate?
Iron accumulation or oxidation in oxygen-rich, well aerated soils.
What does gray or blue soil indicate?
Anaerobic, saturated environments, reduced iron.
What does green soil indicate?
Iron reduction, presense of certain minerals
What does yellow soil indicate?
iron accumulation in less oxygen-rich soils, may be found in salt marshes, sulfide ore deposits, acid mine tailings, other acidic conditions
What does white soil indicate?
salt, carbonate, or calcite accumulations often found in arid environments.
What is bearing capacity of soil? What is it important for in construction?
the measure of a soil to decrease in volume under the pressure of a given weight. As such, knowing a soil’s bearing capacity can help determine where a foundation or roads can be constructed and other safety issues.
What is the angle of repose? How is it measured?
the maximum slope at which a loose material can be piled while remaining stable. measured between 0-45 degrees. Wet and compact materials have a higher angle of repose
What is soil elasticity?
ability of a soil to return to its original shape after being subjected to a load condition. Cohesive soils such as clays and silts are more elastic because of their fine particle size and water-holding capacity. Sands are less elastic.
What are the advantages and disadvantages of developing a brownfield site or an urban infill site?:
- Economic revitalization
- Providing housing near jobs and services
- Decreasing automobile use (less traffic, pollution, carbon emission reduction)
- Transit-oriented development of walkable neighborhoods
- Greater sense of community
What is the difference between soil plasticity and elasticity?
In summary, soil plasticity refers to the ability of soil to undergo permanent deformation and retain the deformed shape, while soil elasticity refers to the ability of soil to deform reversibly and regain its original shape. Plasticity is associated with particle movement and is more prominent in cohesive soils, particularly clays, while elasticity is a property exhibited by a broader range of soils and is related to their overall stiffness.
What does liquid limit refer to in terms of soil?
the minimum moisture content at which a soil will flow under its own weight.
What factors impact the erodibility of soil?
soil type, topography, soil disturbance, soil location, natural disasters (e.g. hydrophobic soils after wildfire)
What are some issues associated with erosion?
removes fertile top soil, introduces high concentrations of sediment into watersheds, reducing water quality
What are some best practices to reduce erosion?
- Preserve existing vegetation
- Reduce the total area of land disturbance
- Stabilize excavated areas with seeding, sodding, matting or mulching and divert runoff away from these areas
- Minimize disturbance to steep slopes
- Schedule clearing and grading activities during the dry season and suspend them prior to and during precipitation events
- Locate non-point pollution sources (e.g. construction access roads) in areas that do not drain directly into water bodies
- Introduce erosion control fencing , blankets, and stabilize drainage channels with erosion-resistant materials (e.g. riprap)
What is gully erosion?
the widening, deepening and head cutting of small channels and waterways due to erosion
What is rill erosion
the removal of soil by running water with formation of shallow channels that can be smoothed out completely by normal cultivation
What is sheet erosion?
the removal of a fairly uniform layer of soil or materials from the land surface by the action of rainfall and runoff water.
What soil characteristics make soil vulnerable to erosion?:
- Soil texture: Soils with a high proportion of sand particles are generally more vulnerable to erosion than those with a high proportion of clay particles. This is because sand particles are less cohesive and have less capacity to hold water, making them more prone to displacement by wind and water.
- Soil structure: Soil with poor structure is more vulnerable to erosion, as it has low stability and is easily displaced by wind and water.
- Soil organic matter: Soil with low organic matter content is more vulnerable to erosion as it has poor soil structure and reduced soil stability.
- Soil compaction: Compacted soil is more vulnerable to erosion as it has low permeability, reduced water infiltration, and reduced soil stability.
- Soil moisture: dry soils being more susceptible to wind erosion and wet soils more susceptible to water erosion. This is because dry soils have low cohesion, making them easier to displace, while wet soils have reduced stability due to saturation.
- Slope: steeper slopes being more susceptible to erosion than flatter slopes. This is because water and wind can more easily displace soil particles on steeper slopes, and there is less vegetation cover to protect the soil from erosion.
What values determines soil fertility?
N (Nitrogen), P (Phosphorus), K (Potassium)
How does Nitrogen effect soil fertility?
supports the plant’s rapid growth and encourages the healthy development of foliage and fruit (Think UP or GREEN)
How does Phosphorus effect soil fertility?
helps a plant convert other nutrients into usable building blocks with which to grow. (Think DOWN or FRUIT)
How does Potassium effect soil fertility?
helps strengthen plants’ abilities to resist disease and plays an important role in increasing crop yields. (Think ALL AROUND or HEALTH)
How is pH measured? What is considered acidic vs. alkaline?
Measured on a scale from 1-14, with 7 considered neutral, below 7 is acidic, above 7 is alkaline/basic
What should be added when soil is overly acidic?
Lime
What should be added when soil is overly alkaline?
Sulfur
What should be added when soils are overly salty?
Gypsum
What is iron chlorosis? What does it look like?
occurs in plants where the pH is overly alkaline (and exacerbated by overwatering and lack of aeration) causes plants to have yellow leaves and green veins and browning along the leaf margin.
What factors comprise topography?
elevation, slope and aspect
What are the advantages and disadvantages of developing a brownfield site or an urban infill site?:
- Economic revitalization
- Providing housing near jobs and services
- Decreasing automobile use (less traffic, pollution, carbon emission reduction)
- Transit-oriented development of walkable neighborhoods
- Greater sense of community
What are spot elevations?
are highly accurate readings shown for specific points. Often these areas of importance to the designer (r.g. The finished floor elevation of a structure, the top or bottom of a wall) or to the understanding of a landform (e.g. the high point of a hill, the summit of a mountain). Spot elevations are more accurate than the information provided by contour lines.
What are contour lines?
lines on a topographic map that establish the elevation at any point along that line.
What are contour intervals?
the vertical distance between each contour line
How accurate is the information provided by the contour line?
half the contour interval given. For example: if a topographic map provides 2-foot contour intervals, that map would be considered accurate to the foot.
How can you identify ridges vs. valleys/swales?
Ridges are identified by contour lines that point downhill
Valleys/swales are identified by contour lines that point uphill.
Where do drainage basins/watershed divides occur?
at ridges
How should slope percentages be noted?
in whole numbers, or as whole numbers followed by a decimal and 10th unit.
What is the minimum slope necessary for a site to shed water and have proper drainage?
2%
What is a slope analysis?
When mapped onto a site, slope percentages can be used to conduct a slope analysis. A slope analysis is used to identify steep and unbuildable slopes and to identify the possible location for building site and access, as well as for stormwater management. The slope analysis is usually a graphic representation of slope show in classes or ranges with these ranges corresponding to or precluding specific site uses
What is slope aspect?
Also known as slope orientation, is the direction that the slope faces relative to the sun. Aspect is typically described by compass direction (e.g. a northerly aspect) and- along with slope- impacts the amount of solar radiation received at a given location on a site.
Which slopes receive the most sun in the winter months?
Southern slopes
Which slopes offer the most desirable microclimates
southeastern slopes
Which slopes are the coldest
northern slopes
Which slopes receive cold winter winds?
northwestern slopes
Which slopes are the hottest in summer?
western slopes
What are some common characteristics of bogs?
Found in northern climates, characterized by acidic soil, rich deposits of organic material such as peat, and a diversity of vegetation types. Marshes and wetlands are characterized by herbaceous vegetation no taller that 6’
A “Purchase of Development Rights” is typically used to:
- Encourage agricultural, open space, or environmental uses on a site that might otherwise be developed. They can also restrict development in sensitive environmental areas.
What does a “Transfer of Development Rights” typically do
transfer development rights from one property to another to encourage open space conservation.
What is an ALTA survey commonly referred to as?
title survey
Which of the following methods could be employed when documenting a site’s users, uses and various activities?
- User interviews
- Focus groups
- Time lapse photography
- Audio recording
Pervious paving provides benefits over conventional hardscape materials in all of the following regards except:
-Reduction in sedimentation and aggradation
-Cooling effects
-Stormwater infiltration
-ADA Accessibility
ADA Accessibility
Covenant
A consensual agreement that restricts what can be done with private property. They place additional rules or restrictions on the use of land that supplements any regulations established in a zoning code, subdivision regulations, or building codes.
What is sustainable site planning promote?
On-site stormwater management
Increasing development density
public safety
increased property values
Decreasing pervious surface area
What methods can reduce flood hazards?
minimize impervious surfaces
maximize opportunities for stormwater infiltration
restrict development to areas outside of the floodplain
Zoning Overlay
A regulatory tool that creates a special zoning district, place over an existing base zones, which identifies special provisions in addition to those in the underlying base zone.
A project’s program should consist of:
- a list of goals and objectives
- a list of elements to be included in the design
- a list of special requirements for the design to fulfill
Site Plan Exemption
A small-scale development or zoning compliance review conducted before filing for or obtaining a building permit. Approval of a Site Plan Exemption is a requirement before a building permit can be approved.
Which are more expensive to develop greenfield or brownfield sites?
brownfield
Zoning Variance
A request to deviate from current zoning requirements when property does not have status as a existing non-conforming property.
Developers generally site large residential developments in which of the following land types due to their ability to produce a high density of housing at a low cost of development?
Agricultural lands
What type of data can and should be collected during a site visit?
Inventory of site existing elements not found on a survey
What type of data can and should be collected during a site visit?
Inventory of site existing elements not found on a survey
What is the best way for a city to update their zoning regulations to increase population density in all residential areas?
Allow for the construction of Accessory Dwelling Units
What type of plan do most planning agencies review as part of the plan review?
grading plan
Which of the following variables directly influence the creation of a project development program
Size of project site; environmental features of a site; proposed site requirements
What is a Comprehensive master plan used for?
to anticipate future growth and as a strategic framework
What is a Capital Improvement Program used for?
outlines services that are to be repaired, expanded or otherwise upgraded.
What is the Building Code used for?
to provide specific and detailed guidance to the construction of individual structures
Native plant typically use less water than non-native plants
Incorrect
What type of plan is appropriate to control and manage the growth in a city?
Zoning ordinance
What is a zoning ordinance?
Zoning regulations include specifications regarding lot size, density or bulk, height, and floor area ratio (FAR). The zoning ordinance is the formal categorization of land-use policies applicable to land within a municipality. It also sets the legal framework.
Azimuth
Direction of a celestial object from the observer
Angle of incidence
Angle at which a ray of light (usually the sun) hits a surface
Albedo
Measurement of an object’s reflectivity
What are charrettes?
a popular tool for high-stakes and complex projects, charrettes are an intense period of design activity in which (multi-disciplinary) design team works closely with a group of stakeholders to develop elements of a plan. They are an opportunity for the design team to work closely with a group of stakeholders to develop elements of a plan. They are also an opportunity for stakeholders to develop alternative concepts based on the design team’s work.
Can charrettes be translated easily into a digital format?
No
How long to charrettes typically last?
They can take place of a single day or as long as a week.
What is nonpoint source pollution?
Contaminants that are introduced to the environment over a large, widespread area, and do not originate from a single centralized source.
What is a Combined Sewage Overflow system
A combined sewer system collects rainwater runoff, domestic sewage, and industrial wastewater into one pipe.
What type of data can and should be collected during a site visit?
Inventory of site existing elements not found on a survey
Assessment of health and character of existing vegetation
Assessment of character of existing buildings
Stakeholder interviews
What are the components of a 100-year floodplain
channel, floodway, and flood fringe.
Watershed Delineation
Drawing lines on a map to identify a watershed’s boundaries. Usually drawn on topographic maps using information from contour lines.
What two documents typically describe zoning for a municipality?
Zoning map, zoning ordinance
What is the difference between a zoning map and a zoning ordinance?
Zoning restrictions and rules are generally describes through a zoning map, while a zoning ordinance provides specific and detailed guidance related to permitted land uses and building densities. (zoning map is the visual representation)
What describes a “chlorotic” plant?
Suffering from chlorosis, leaves will be yellowish in color while the leaf veins remain green, iron deficient
what mineral deficiency causes chlorosis?
iron
Typical methods for Sustainable site planning
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA); Site analysis and assessment; Green Infrastructure; Low Impact Development (LID); Energy-efficient design; Smart transportation planning; Mixed-use development; Community engagement and stakeholder involvement; Adaptive reuse and brownfield redevelopment; Performance monitoring and evaluation
During the process of site inventory and analysis, factors such as historic structures, wetlands and viewsheds are catalogued and analyzed for what purpose
Ensure compatibility between proposed land use and existing site resources (not everything would be preserved)
Aggradation
Increase in land elevation, typically in a river system, due to the deposition of sediment.
What is the document directly controls and organizes development
Zoning ordinance
Program development happens
Before site inventory and analysis
Program development uses information including
Market analysis, literature review, user demand studies, stakeholder interviews, analysis of relevant precedents, client objectives and project budget
Weathered concrete would affect soil by
Increasing the soil ph. Sulfur is needed
The measure of soil to decrease in volume under the pressure of a given weight
Bearing capacity
The ability of a soil to be deformed under pressure without breaking apart
Soil plasticity
The minimum moisture content at which a soil will flow under its own weight
Liquid limit
The ability of a soil to return to its original shape after being subjected to a load condition
Soil elasticity
A standard section contains
640 acres, or 260 hectares. 1 mile x 1 mile
A 100-year floodplain is composed of
Channel, floodway, flood fringe.
Littoral shelf
Shallow shelf in water body that is planted with native aquatic vegetation normally located by an outflow or at the waterline/ shoreline of a constructed wetland or stormwater management structure.
Aggradation
The filling in of stream channels with sediment
Fasciation
Disorder related to plant tissue
Ways to reduce aggradation
Erosion control, reducing impervious surfaces, effective watershed management, and sediment control
Zoning regulation that would help increase density
Mixed-use zoning; TOD; Upzoning (increasing height limits, reducing setbacks, or allowing for smaller lot sizes); ADU (reducing minimum lot sizes, or easing parking requirements); Inclusionary Zoning (include a certain percentage of affordable housing); Streamlined Approval Processes (simplifying the approval processes for housing development)
Chlorosis
Yellowing of normally green leaves due to a lack of chlorophyll. Typically caused by iron deficiency. Frequently occurs in soils that are alkaline, lack of air in the soil, eroded soil, land leveling for new development, or overwatering.
What directly impose on the extent of data collection
Proposed uses, permitting requirements, cost of data collection and analysis
What key site elements would be included in a concept plan
Open spaces; circulation; activity zones
Red section map
Right to left; S shape
Determining distance based on the observed height of a tall rod is
Stadia measurement
Remote sensing method used to examine the surface of earth.
LIDAR
Using azimuth reading taken backwards
Backsighting
Method to establish control networks
Traverse
Five considerations for graphic presentations
Message, medium, audience, setting, time
Hydrophobic soil happens because of
Fire; plant with natural wax properties; bacteria died from lack of moisture
Hydrophobic soil can be fixed with
Compost; wetting agent
LIDAR can provide
Complete and accurate topographic information
Infrared Aerial is for
Measure the growth of vegetation over time
Greenfield
Undeveloped land used for agricultural purposes.
Bogs
A type of wetland found in northern climates, with acidic soils, rich deposits of organic material such as peat and a diversity of vegetation types.
Topography
An arrangement of the natural and artificial physical features of an area
A USGS quadrangle map should include
Township, range and section information; new construction since the last printing; wetlands; topography
Xeirscaping would use plants
Drought-tolerant. Don’t need to be native
Chaparral
Hot summer mild winter ecosystem
Resources for site’s historical research
Aerial photographs; local newspaper archives; historical census data; sanborn map
What direction of slope provide the most desirable microclimate
Southeastern
What variables directly influence the landscpae architect’s scope of work for site inventory and analysis
Size of project site; Environmental features of a site; existing site constraints; proposed project scope
Program development should:
Act as a summary of the inventory and analysis, take into account the client’s needs; function as a checklist against which the design proposal can be assessed; occur before any significant amount of design work has been undertaken
Koppen climate classification
Global scale
Qualitative data
Opinions
Salt marsh
Interface between land and sea. One of the most productive and diverse ecosystems
What kind of soil would be best for road with heavy vehicles
A soil with a mix of particle sizes
Frequency seen map
Visibility of a locations from two or more viewing points.
Visibility map
The locations that can be seen from an individual viewing point. Same thing with viewshed map
When designing a residential subdivision for a PUD development in an incorporated municipality (city), what documents do you need to consult
City zoning ordinance; fema flood maps
A zoning ordinance can be adopted by
Several scales of government - towns, cities or counties.
United State Public Land Survey System
Quadrangle=16 Townships=576 sections
https://web.gccaz.edu/~lynrw95071/Township%20Range%20Explanation.html
Phase 1 environmental assessment is required for
Brownfield sites
Phase 2 environmental assessment is required for
Potential presence of environmental contamination on a brown field
CPTED
Crime prevention through environmental design
Hydric soil are typically
Heavily saturated with water for prolonged periods of time; bluish in color; anaerobic
Easement types
Access easement; utility easement; scenic easement; solar easement
Loam soil
Primarily sand and silt; equal parts sand and silt
Espalier, pleaching, pollarding
Techniques for pruning and training plants
Hydric soil are typically
Heavily saturated with water for prolonged periods of time; bluish in color; anaerobic
Color conventions for site topography
Light value = higher elevation; looler color = lower elevations
Hierarchy of traffic volume
Minor arterials, principal arterials, local, and collector
Carrying capacity
A measure of the type and density of development that can be supported without detrimental effects to society, the economy, or the environment
Hydric soil are typically
Heavily saturated with water for prolonged periods of time; bluish in color; anaerobic
Hydric soil are typically
Heavily saturated with water for prolonged periods of time; bluish in color; anaerobic
Hydric soil are typically
Heavily saturated with water for prolonged periods of time; bluish in color; anaerobic
