Languedoc, Roussillon and Provence copied to L4.3 WoW Flashcards

Question

Vin de Corse AC

Answer 1

Red, white and rose production. Nielluccio and Sciacarello for red production may be blended with mainland French varieties. 50% of blend from Nielluccio, Sciacarello and Grenache. Nielluccio must take at least 33% of the vineyard space. Vermentino (Rolle in France) for whites. At least 75% of a blend, with Ugni Blanc the remainder. Chardonnay, Cabernet Sauvignon and Merlot grown but permitted only for Vin de Pays de I'lle de Beaute production.

Answer 2

Picpoul de Pinet () • Located close to the coast on low lying land • The soils are generally sandy • The climate is warm and sunny • Grapegrowing o Dedicated entirely to growing ‘Piquepoul Blanc’ o The grapes retain acidity in the warm climate and ripen well • Winemaking AOC rules & history & style o 60 hL/Ha. Max. yield – quite high o Modern technology has allowed retention of fruity flavours and aromas o The wine style is:  Green-gold colour  Dry style and medium+ to high acidity  Medium bodied  Medium intensity of lemon fruit with light floral notes • Wine business o Dominated by cooperatives (“Ormarine”) – 90% of production o 65% is exported plus domestic is dominated by local tourist trade o UK is main export market, followed by USA

Answer 3

La Clape AOC () • New AOC – 2015 • Geographically close to Narbonne city • Climate is warm, sunny, arid and windy • Fruit obtains full ripeness • Suitable for varieties such as Mourvedre • Wine production o 80% is red o Well known for White • Wine AOC rules o Whites minimum 60% Bourboulenc and/or Grenache Blanc • Key quality producer: Château la Negly

Answer 4

Faugères AOC () Majority red wine production plus some Rose • vineyards on the foothills of the Cévennes, 250-400mRL • Homogeneous soils of schist suited for best quality reds esp. Syrah • High percentage of Organic production • Winemaking rules o 33 hL/ha avg yield (Low) o Wine must be aged for a year before release • Key producers: Léon Barral, Mas l’Olivier • 90% of wines sold in France

Answer 5

AOC Saint Chinian () –A large AOC • Located between Faugères & Minervois, north of Béziers with 2 zones: • South: lime clay soils with good water retention -\> reds with body and tannins – but less concentration • North: arid, fast draining schist soils with some estates producing some wines of higher concentration • Contains two sub zones Saint-Chinian Roqueburn, Saint-Chinian Berlou • Winemaking rules • 50% minimum of Grenache, Syrah and Mourvedre • As per above – North area has two more quality focussed sub zones • Key producer: Clos Bagatelle

Answer 6

Minervois () 87% of reds, 10% rosé & 3% white • Has altitude and proximity to the Mediterranean • Most red and rose wines are Grenache, Syrah or Mourvèdre blends • AOC rules o The ‘G,S and M’ plus Carignan and Cinsaut – must be 50% o No variety exceeding 80% of blend Minervois La Liviniere • RED wine only • First sub region AOC in Minervois in 1999 • Limestone terrace of gentle slopes • Up to 400m • Altitude helps to retain acidity than lower parts of Minervois • Winemaking o Full or partial carbonic maceration • AOC rules o Red wines o The ‘G,S or M’ – must be min. 40% o Plus Carignan and Cinsaut – can be counted in making up to a min. 80% of the blend

Answer 7

CORBIERES AOC – 10,000 Ha (4th largest AOC in France) • Hilly appellation – south west of Narbonne • Vineyards on slopes up to 450 metres • 90% red production • AOC rules o 40% min. must be principal varieties o Principals are CARIGNAN, Grenache Noir, Syrah and Mourvedre o Up to 20% other varieties (including Cinsaut) o Max. yield for all wines is 50 hL/Ha. • 70% sold in France (supermarkets), 30% is exported • Rose and white wines made • White wines o Bourboulenc o Grenache Blanc o Marsanne and Roussanne o Rolle (Vermentino) • Corbieres-Boutenac AOC o Carignan, Grenache, Mourvèdre – 70% minimum. o Limestone base soils o Highly regarded wines o Small AOC, 150 Ha.

Answer 8

Red wine appellation on 2,204 ha/5,444 acres of languedoc vineyard in two enclaves within the corbières zone where it meets roussillon (see map under languedoc). When the boundaries of this, the first dry red wine appellation of Languedoc, were drawn up in 1948, local politics prevailed and Fitou has remained with, apparently, a great tract of Corbières bisecting it. The clay-limestone soils of Fitou Maritime, i.e. coastal Fitou, are quite different from the arguably potentially more interesting schists of Fitou Montagneux, ie mountainous Fitou, 40 minutes’ drive inland—the purity in the wines of Domaine Bertrand-Bergé argue convincingly for the virtues of a mountain climate. The low-yielding vines on the infertile soils of these Pyrenean foothills are capable of great expression, but the appellation underperformed in the 1970s and 1980s. The region is even more in the grip of co-operatives than its northern neighbour, with the Mont Tauch co-operative in Tuchan, the oldest in the Languedoc, responsible for half of all production and, for a while, performing better than many individual producers. In 2014, however, Mont Tauch narrowly avoided brankruptcy and reverted to supplying bulk wine rather than bottling and marketing their own wine. The traditional varieties Carignan and Grenache must make up 60% of the final blend with a minimum of 20% of each (this is one of the few appellations that demands a minimum Carignan component). A minimum of 10% of Syrah (better suited to Fitou Montagneux) and/or Mourvèdre (which thrives in Fitou Maritime) must be also included in the blend. The two territories demarcated for Fitou may also produce rivesaltes and muscat de rivesaltes.

Answer 9

Mainly dry rosé and some red wines are made, in very varied but often spectacularly situated vineyards among the lavender and garrigue of provence. The arguably too-extensive area entitled to this appellation stretches from the frontier with Les baux de provence subappellation created in 1995 in the west as far as the coteaux varois, and includes elevations varying from nearly sea level to over 400 m with considerable temperature variability. A growing total of nearly 4,000 ha/10,000 acres of vineyards produce serviceable if generally unsophisticated reds and pale pink wines for early, often local, consumption. co-operatives are relatively important here, but a number of individual estates such as Chx Calissanne, Revelette, and a revitalized Vignelaure are trying to establish a distinctive style from Grenache with Cinsaut, Mourvèdre, the local Counoise, Syrah, Carignan, and Cabernet Sauvignon grapes. Neither of the last two may make up more than 30% of a blend. A little white is made from a wide range of southern, and south west france, grape varieties. Organic viticulture has established a significant hold in this arid, mediterranean climate.

Answer 10

The most serious wine of provence, typically a deep-flavoured, lush red blend dominated by the mourvèdre grape. Like châteauneuf-du-pape, Bandol produces quintessentially Mediterranean red wines which are easy to appreciate in youth despite their longevity. The appellation is named after the port from which they were once shipped all over the world. Bandol is now a Mediterranean resort town with little to offer the wine tourist, and the vineyards are on south-facing terraces well inland called locally restanques. As in the smaller appellation of cassis just along the coast, the vines are protected from the cold north winds, but have to fight property developers for their right to continued existence. A total of about 1,400 ha were cultivated in the early 2000s but in 2011 fewer than 600 ha/1,482 acres were in production, perhaps partly because of property development. This particularly well-favoured southern corner is one of the few parts of France in which Mourvèdre, the characteristic grape of Bandol, can be relied upon to ripen. Other dark-berried varieties grown include Grenache and Cinsaut, much used for the local herby rosés which can account for about three bottles of Bandol in every four some years, together with strictly limited additions of Syrah and Carignan. A small quantity of white Bandol is made from Bourboulenc, Clairette, and Ugni Blanc with a maximum of 40% Sauvignon Blanc, but little of it escapes the region’s fish restaurants. Winemaking techniques are traditional but evolving. All reds must have at least 18 months in cask and, thanks to the high proportion of Mourvèdre, at least 50%, reduction is a constant threat. Mechanical harvesting is banned. Domaine Tempier is one of the few domaines to have a well-established market outside France but the likes of Domaines de la Bégude and de la Tour du Bon, and Chx La Rouvière, Pibarnon, Pradeaux, and Vannières have all made fine wines.

Answer 11

Officially accepted alternative southern French name for the increasingly popular vermentino used traditionally in bellet and parts of Languedoc-Roussillon. dna profiling has shown it to be distinct from rollo.

Answer 12

Rosé: The most productive region for rosé in all of France (if not the world), Provence delivers boatloads of delicate, onion-skin colored dry rosé wines with notes of strawberry, watermelon, and crunchy celery. Check out Côtes de Provence for great quality. Mourvèdre: The tiny region of Bandol produces a deeply black red wine with notes of black plum, roasted meats, and Provençal herbs. Wines easily age for 10–20 years.

Answer 13

The great majority of the Languedoc’s vines (and virtually all of those which have been ripped out recently) are or were planted on the flat, low-lying alluvial plain, particularly in the southern Hérault and Gard. In the northern Hérault and western Aude, however, vines may be planted several hundred metres above sea level, in the foothills of the Cévennes and the Corbières Pyrenean foothills, sometimes at quite an angle and on very varied soils which can include gravels and limestone. The climate in all but the far western limits of the Languedoc (where Atlantic influence is apparent) is definitively mediterranean and one of the major viticultural hazards is drought. Annual rainfall is often as little as 400 mm/15.6 in by the coast. July and August temperatures often exceed 30 °C/86 °F; such rain as does fall tends to fall in the form of localized deluges. wind is common throughout the growing season, with the tramontane bringing cool air from the mountains.

Answer 14

The Languedoc is the land of the proud peasant farmer. The size of the average holding is small, and usually much divided between parcels inherited from various different branches of the family. Basic, straggling bush vines still predominate, although an increasing proportion of vines, especially the newer international varieties, are being trained on wires. irrigation is theoretically permitted only within strictly specified limits, and in practice only the best and the worst producers tend to have any form of available irrigation system. The flatter, larger vineyards lend themselves to mechanical harvesting but their parcellation, and ripping out, has slowed the inevitable invasion. The region is by no means free of fungal diseases and some sprayings are usually necessary.

Answer 15

The dominant late-20th-century vine variety carignan has been definitively routed by the vine pull scheme of the eu, and by 2011 was only the third most planted variety in the Languedoc after Syrah and then Grenache Noir. Merlot, grown mainly for IGP wines, covered almost as much ground as Carignan, with Cabernet Sauvignon, not nearly as much at home here as Merlot, some way behind. The ever-changing regulations of most red wine appellations in the Languedoc specify various combinations of Syrah, Grenache, and Mourvèdre with declining proportions of Carignan, and most often, usually as minor blending ingredients, Cinsaut (especially good for rosés and fruity reds) and the Grenache relative lladoner, or Lledoner, Pelut. By far the most planted white wine grape, though even less common than Cabernet Sauvignon, is Chardonnay, used for both varietal IGP wines and the still and sparkling wines of Limoux. Sauvignon Blanc is the next most planted and Viognier fourth most popular white wine grape—further signs of how important international varieties are to white wine production here. Each white wine appellation has a different cocktail of preferred ingredients from a palette of traditional pale-skinned Languedoc varieties which include Bourboulenc, Clairette, Grenache Blanc, Maccabéo, Picquepoul Blanc, and Vermentino, although Roussanne, and Marsanne are also specified occasionally.

Answer 16

With some high-profile exceptions, winery equipment and techniques are still relatively unsophisticated in the Languedoc, where selling prices have rarely been high enough to justify major investment. destemming equipment, for example, was widely regarded as a luxury until this century, and new oak barrels beyond the means of most producers. (In any case, the fruit is so intense in many red wines that, like the same varieties in the southern Rhône, they do not necessarily benefit from new, small oak.) The great majority of Languedoc wine is made in one of the co-operative cellars that still dominate production and whose will to make good-quality wine varies considerably. Fermentation and élevage typically take place in large concrete cuves, although stainless steel is slowly invading the region. Partly in an effort to tame the natural astringency of Carignan, full or partial carbonic maceration was for long the most common red winemaking technique. bottling often takes place at a merchant’s cellar rather than on the premises where the wine was made. The wine container most frequently seen by the consumer in the region is probably the road tanker (a high proportion of the locals buy their wine in bulk rather than bottle). For more specific information, see the individual appellations cabardès, clairette du languedoc, corbières, faugères, fitou, languedoc aoc, limoux, malepère, minervois, Picpoul de Pinet, and st-chinian, and also the vin de liqueur cartagène, and various muscat vins doux naturels.

Answer 17

Common name for the south of France. Like ‘Mezzogiorno’ in Italy, it means literally ‘midday’ and refers to regions where midday is a time of extreme heat and inactivity, at least in summer. Midi is often used synonymously with languedoc and roussillon, although strictly speaking the Midi encompasses provence as well.

Answer 18

A spectacular and famous small hilltop settlement in the far west of provence dominated by Michelin-starred restaurants and their customers’ cars gives its name to a local appellation contrôlée created in 1995 and substantially amended since. In the far north west, effectively on limestone rubble from the craggy Alpilles chain, Les Baux is slightly warmer and wetter than much of coteaux d’aix-en-provence from which it was ceded and the rules are stricter—possibly too strict. Red wines are made, from Grenache, Syrah, and Mourvèdre grapes, which must together make up at least 60% of the blend, together with Cinsaut, Counoise, Carignan, and Cabernet Sauvignon (which last must represent no more than 20% of the total, thus excluding the area’s best estate, Domaine de Trévallon, from the appellation). Cinsaut takes the place of Mourvèdre in the rosés, which make up about a fifth of the appellation. Clairette, Grenache Blanc, and Vermentino are the principal grapes for the new white version, although some Marsanne and Roussanne may be included in the blend. Even more significant however is that the growers (unsuccessfully) asked that their appellation regulations should be the first in France to specify organic viticulture. The Mistral helps to keep the vines healthy.

Answer 19

The highest named terroir in the languedoc was promoted to full aoc status for its distinctive reds in 2014. The elevation of these foothills of the Cévennes entails dramatic temperature variation, sometimes as much as 20 °C/36 °F between day and night. The decidedly infertile soils include clay, limestone, pebbles, and shingle. The required blend of Languedoc grape varieties is dominated by Grenache Noir, Syrah, and Mourvèdre with, possibly, some Cinsaut and Carignan.

Answer 20

Historic, distinctive, but minute appellation in the far south east of provence whose total vineyard area had by 2011 fallen to 50 ha/125 acres in the hills above Nice. It takes determination to find a bottle outside the Côte d’Azur, and even greater determination to find the vineyards themselves perched about 300 m/980 ft above the Mediterranean up the Var valley in the city’s hinterland. Almost equal quantities of all three colours are produced. The scented, full-bodied whites made from the local Rolle (Vermentino) grapes with some Chardonnay and occasionally Bourboulenc are the appellation’s most distinctive wines, and reflect well the mesoclimate of these hillside vineyards, which is slightly cooler than in much of the rest of Provence. Rosés may be made from braquet (while the intriguing Folle Noire (Fuella) is traditional for red wines, although it is often supplemented by Cinsaut and occasionally Grenache.

Answer 21

Small, mainly white wine appellation in provence. The encroachment of Greater Marseilles on this old fishing village keeps total plantings to just under 190 ha/470 acres in this sheltered amphitheatre, protected from the mistral by the Cap Canaille to the east, one of the highest cliffs in France. Three-quarters of the wine is full, dry, herby white, made mainly from Clairette and Marsanne. A little rosé and even less red are also made, mainly from Mourvèdre (which ripens easily here—see nearby bandol), Grenache, and Cinsaut.

Answer 22

Miniature appellation of just 43 ha/106 acres in 2005 in provence in the hills east of Aix-en-Provence. The appellation is a relatively old one, created in 1948 in recognition of a distinctive limestone outcrop on the north-facing bank of the River Arc. A single property, Ch Simone, produces most of the wine, and for many years was responsible for the most serious wine of the appellation. For seven generations, Ch Simone has been in the Rougier family, who continue to respect the traditional winemaking techniques, involving very old vines, prolonged fermentation, and barrel maturation using very little new wood. field blends of southern vine varieties make extremely dense, long-lived reds, full-bodied rosés, and characterful white wines which belie modern white winemaking philosophy. The indigenous varieties permitted are even more numerous than those allowed in châteauneuf-du-pape.

Answer 23

Languedoc appellation (since 1999) of 590 ha/1,457 acres to the north of Carcassonne which produces red and some rosé wines that testify to its location on the cusp of Atlantic and Mediterranean influences. The grape varieties planted also represent a Bordeaux/Languedoc cocktail of Cabernet Sauvignon, Cabernet Franc, Merlot, Cot (Malbec), and some Fer Servadou (of marcillac fame), spiced and fleshed out with the more meridional Syrah, Grenache, and Cinsaut (mainly for rosé). The Bordelais varieties tend to prosper on the western, wetter, deeper soils, while wines produced from the hotter, shallower soils of the eastern Cabardès are more likely to have a high proportion of Mediterranean varieties. Winds almost constantly buffet the small hills punctuated by pines and garrigue, and minimize the local wine producers’ dependence on agrochemicals. In contrast to the somewhat similar Côtes de la malepère to the south of Carcassonne, production here is mainly in the hands of a small but committed band of individuals constrained by low financial returns. Winemaking equipment and methods are not always the most sophisticated, but the wines boast an originality and potential for longevity that is unusual for this part of France (which officials tend to classify as south west france rather than the languedoc to which its immediate eastern neighbour the Minervois belongs).

Answer 24

Previously known as Coteaux du Languedoc, varied and probably too extensive appellation whose zone includes some of France’s best-value vineyards and most of the land suitable for growing vines above the coastal plain in a swathe through the Hérault département from Narbonne towards Nîmes. This territory was once known as Septimanie and is in effect a giant south-facing amphitheatre, although of course there are many local variations in topography. As elsewhere in the Languedoc, much of the land technically included within the appellation is used for other purposes (other crops, igp, or vsig wine, for example). The total vineyard area dedicated to producing Coteaux du Languedoc by 2000 was about 10,000 ha/24,799 acres, a considerable increase on the 6,500 ha declared in the early 1990s, and remained pretty constant for the first decade of this century, despite the region’s enthusiastic vine pull scheme. Although much of the zone qualifies for the basic Languedoc appellation, a number of subappellations, crus, or specific terroirs have been identified and are allowed to append their own name to that of the appellation on labels. picpoul de pinet established its own appellation and identity in 2013 and terrasses du larzac followed in 2014. Other subappellations waiting with particular impatience for independent existence are cabrières, La clape, grés de montpellier, la méjanelle, montpeyroux, pézenas, pic-st-loup, quatourze, st-christol, st-drézéry, st-georges-d’orques, st-saturnin, and sommières.

Answer 25

Cotes de Provence AOP Coteaux d'Aix-en-Provence AOP Les Baux-de-Provence AOP Palette AOP Cassis AOP Bandol AOP Coteaux Varois en Provence AOP Bellet/ Vin de Bellet AOP Pierrevert AOP

Answer 26

Sainte- Victoire Frejus La Londe Pierrefeu (the latter added in 2012)

Answer 27

Cassis small Provence AOC urban development and price of land has shrunk it 75% white wines from Clairette and Marsanne Sold mainly to local tourists

Answer 28

Languedoc AOP Clairette du Languedoc AOP Cabardes AOP Corbieres AOP Corbieres- Boutenac AOP Faugeres AOP Fitou AOP La Clape AOP Limoux AOP Cremant de Limoux AOP Malepere AOP Minervois AOP Minervois-La Livineres AOP Picpoul de Pinet AOP Saint-Chinian AOP Terrasses du Larzac AOP Muscat de Frontignan/ Frontignan/ Vin de Frontignan AOP Muscat de Lunel AOP Muscat de Mireval AOP Muscat de Saint-Jean-de-Minevois AOP

Answer 29

Cabrieres Cles de Montpellier La Mejanelle Montpeyroux Pezenas Pic-Saint-Loup Quatourze Saint-Christol Saint-Drezery Saint-Georges-d'Orques Saint-Saturnin Sommieres

Answer 30

Between Faugeres and Minervois Two key sections: - Northern section - more arid, free draining soils - more concentrated wines - Southern section - lime/clay soils, better RAW - softer these tannic wines In Northern section Saint-Chinian Berlou, Saint-Chinian Roquebrun (both are for Rouge wines only)

Answer 31

Cotes du Rousillon AOP Cotes du Roussillon Villages AOP Grand Roussillon AOP Collioure AOP Muscat de Riversaltes AOP Riversaltes AOP Banyuls AOP Banyuls Grand Cru AOP Maury AOP

Answer 32

Les Aspres

Answer 33

Caramany Latour-de-France Lesquerde Tautavel

Answer 34

La Clape AOC • New AOC – 2015 • Geographically close to Narbonne city • Climate is warm, sunny, arid and windy • Fruit obtains full ripeness • Suitable for varieties such as Mourvedre • Wine production o 80% is red o Well known for White • Wine AOC rules o Whites minimum 60% Bourboulenc and/or Grenache Blanc • Key quality producer: Château la Negly

Answer 35

Fitou • First AOC in Languedoc in 1948 • All Fitou can be bottled as Corbieres • 2 zones: i. Fitou maritime: clay & limestone soils + sea influence -\> softer, more rounded wines; Mourvèdre ii. Fitou de Hautes Corbieres: schist soils + less sea influence -\> more structure; Syrah • Winemaking rules o Focus on traditional varietals o Carignan – must be10 to 40% of the blend o Grenache – min. of 20% o Semi-carbonic maceration on the Carignan to give better fruit and aromas with less tannin

Answer 36

Faugères AOC 79 % Red, 20 % Rosé, • vineyards on the foothills of the Cévennes, 250-400mRL • Homogeneous soils of schist suited for best quality reds esp. Syrah • High percentage of Organic production • Winemaking rules o 33 hL/ha avg yield (Low) o Wine must be aged for a year before release • Key producers: Léon Barral, Mas l’Olivier • 90% of wines sold in France

Answer 37

Picpoul de Pinet • Located close to the coast on low lying land • The soils are generally sandy • The climate is warm and sunny • Grapegrowing o Dedicated entirely to growing ‘Piquepoul Blanc’ o The grapes retain acidity in the warm climate and ripen well • Winemaking AOC rules & history & style o 60 hL/Ha. Max. yield – quite high o Modern technology has allowed retention of fruity flavours and aromas o The wine style is:  Green-gold colour  Dry style and medium+ to high acidity  Medium bodied  Medium intensity of lemon fruit with light floral notes • Wine business o Dominated by cooperatives (“Ormarine”) – 90% of production o 65% is exported plus domestic is dominated by local tourist trade o UK is main export market

Answer 38

Key facts o 32,000 winemakers; 236,000ha (~25% of all French vines) o 70% of region’s production is IGP o 15% is AOC o Still dominated by simple wine categories o Rose production has grown 35% in recent years o Exports are growing strongly – mainly USA and China o Promote through Sud de France

Answer 39

Issues & Trends + Great diversity, all at affordable prices + Demise of coops - Profitability? + Outside investment + IGP/AOP + Organic/Biodynamic - Sales/Promotion + IGP/AOP + Organic/Biodynamic - Sales/Promotion + Exponential rise in quality

Answer 40

• The Growing environment o Climate  Hot & driest region in France w continuous northerly Tramontane winds.  Mediterranean climate  500-600mm rainfall and high sunshine hours  Influenced by Pyrenees which provide altitude to some vineyards  Low disease pressure o Topography  Many vineyards planted on slopes or foothills of Pyrennes  No extensive flat coastal plains (key difference from Languedoc)

Answer 41

Provence AOC Coteaux Varois Coteaux d'Aix en Provence

Answer 42

o Rose made by either  Direct pressing – i.e. very little skin contact – pressed straight away or straight after crushing/destemming  Short maceration – two hours up to a few days • Saignee – ‘bleeding off’ – Rose may be made by ‘bleeding off’ a portion of juice after short period maceration  Fermentation is usually in stainless steel  Can either be cultured yeast or ambient yeast  Fermentation temperature held in 14-18 degrees (low temp)  Fermented to dryness – AOC rules require this  MLF is avoided in order to preserve acidity  Colour may be adjusted by carbon fining  Wines stored 2-3 months on lees in SS tanks to retain fruit flavours  Rarely – but some producers oak age their premium Roses (Ch. d’Esclans)

Answer 43

1. Côtes de Provence AC – 20 100ha – 977 600 hl – 48hl/ha (●●●) • Largest AOC with 20,000 Ha. • 90% of wine produced is Rose • Mountain foothills (cool) to St Tropez coast (hotter) • Wine AOC rules • Principal grape varieties i. Cinsaut, Grenahce Noir, Syrah and Tibouren ii. Must be a blend of the principal varietals • Max yield is 55 hL/Ha. • Typically the wines are: i. Pale pink-orange ii. Light to medium intensity raspberry and red plum with herbal notes iii. Medium acidity, medium body and medium alcohol iv. Good to very good quality with a wide variety of prices

Answer 44

65% of Provence wines is sold in France 35% is exported with USA being 50% of that

Answer 45

* Mediterranean with 3,000 hours of sunshine, * 700mm rainfall concentrated in Spring & Winter * Mild winters still allow vine dormancy * Mistral, cold wind from north * The ocean helps to alleviate some of the summer heat

Answer 46

* Challenges * Mistral (cold north wind) can interrupt flowering and hurt yields * A southerly aspect can help to protect the vineyard from mistral * Also the mistral helps to reduce fungal disease pressure * Drought * A relatively dry climate over summer * Irrigation may be needed in dry seasons * Heat stress * Hot seasons can impact on vine health and yield * Some elevation up to 400metres helps to alleviate summer heat

Answer 47

* Rose production * Picking is earlier for grapes used in Rose production * Need to ensure the tannins are ripe at picking if some maceration occurs * Critical to get picking date right – balance of acidity and ripeness

Answer 48

* Provence Rose * Synonymous with pale pink Rose * Predominantly made from Cinsaut and Grenache Noir * Tibouren (a local variety) is also a less component * Can add up to 20% of white grapes into the blend (typically \<10%)

Answer 49

* Fruit is handled protectively to preserve flavours and the pale colour * by excluding oxygen * using refrigeration * Rose made by either * **Direct pressing** – i.e. very little skin contact – pressed straight away or straight after crushing/destemming * **Short maceration** – two hours up to a few days * Saignee – ‘bleeding off’ – Rose may be made by ‘bleeding off’ a portion of juice after short period maceration * Fermentation is usually in stainless steel * Can either be cultured yeast or ambient yeast * Fermentation temperature held in 14-18 degrees (low temp) * Fermented to dryness – AOC rules require this * MLF is avoided in order to preserve acidity * Colour may be adjusted by carbon fining * Wines stored 2-3 months on lees in SS tanks to retain fruit flavours * Rarely – but some producers oak age their premium Roses (Ch. d’Esclans)

Answer 50

1. **Côtes de Provence AC – 20 100ha – 977 600 hl – 48hl/ha** (●●●) * Largest AOC with 20,000 Ha. * 90% of wine produced is Rose * Mountain foothills (cool) to St Tropez coast (hotter) * Wine AOC rules * Principal grape varieties 1. Cinsaut, Grenache Noir, Syrah and Tibouren 2. Must be a blend of the principal varietals * Max yield is 55 hL/Ha. * Typically the wines are: 1. Pale pink-orange 2. Light to medium intensity raspberry and red plum with herbal notes 3. Medium acidity, medium body and medium alcohol 4. Good to very good quality with a wide variety of prices

Answer 51

1.Coteaux Varois en Provence AOC · Makes similar Rose to the Cotes de Provence AOC · Has max yield of 60 hL/Ha. · Counoise is an additional principal variety to Cinsaut, Grenache Noir, Syrah, Tibouren Between main Cotes de Provence region and d’Aix-en-Provence

Answer 52

1.Les Baux de Provence AOC · Far west of the region, close Rhone river · Wine production i. Mainly red wines ii. From Grenache, Syrah and Mourvèdre iii. The three varieties must make up min. 60% of the blend

Answer 53

1. **Bandol AOC – 600ha** (●●●) * South-facing terraces (restanques) inland from Bandol touristic port. * Mourvèdre is the leading variety * Reduction in vineyard area to just 600 Ha.! * Produces more red wine than Rose which is unusual for Provence – but Rose production is now leading in volume * Red wines * All reds must have min 18 months in cask * Hand picking only * Must be 50-95% Mourvèdre * Max. yields to 40 hL/Ha. * Quality is good to very good with outstanding examples * Prices mid-priced to super premium * Serious wines of Provence – tannic, full bodied and complex reds * Flavours of liquorice, tobacco, meaty, savoury with ageing potential * Rose wines * Mourvèdre 20-95% * Max. yield 40hL/Ha.

Answer 54

Other minor Appellations * *Bellet (1,000ha) (●●●):* * *cooler foothills behind Nice; mainly Vermentino; wine consumed locally* * *Palette (●●●):* * *Wines mostly made by Chateau Simone* * *Cassis (175ha) (●●●):* * *mainly whites with fresh but low acidity. Some reds & Rosés too.* All of the above minor appellations are on the coast and are under development pressure. Most of the wine is sold to local tourists.

Answer 55

* Exports * Almost 50% is US market * UK is the next biggest market * Exports have grown rapidly since 2000 – up by 1000% in value

Answer 56

yes - 60% of production the Var is by cooperatives

Answer 57

AOC Rose production

Answer 58

* Today * Vineyard area is 50% of what it was in 1968 * Cooperatives produce 2/3^rd * More focus on small production high quality wines

Answer 59

* Mediterranean w common cooling effect of Tramontane wind * Tramontane wind- comes for NW between the Pyrenees and the central Massif * Below 600mm rainfall * + temp \> 30°C in July/August * Low moisture levels – hence Languedoc has high level of organic certification

Answer 60

Irrigation is strictly regulated & actually not very common Bush-trained vines dominate but increase in wire-training esp. international varieties The flat topography has meant mechanisation has been relatively easy with machine harvesting the norm for IGP wines and AOC wines (where terrain allows)

Answer 61

Main varieties grown in the Languedoc are black grapes; with the top six as follows: · Carignan · Syrah · Grenache Noir · Merlot · Cabernet Sauvignon · Cinsaut

Answer 62

Carignan * Number one in Languedoc * Buds late so avoids spring frost * Ripens late * Needs a warm climate to ripen * Very high yielding – but at these yields the wines have no flavour intensity * Prone to downy mildew to grape moths * Berries attach strongly onto the stems so hard to mechanically harvest * EU vine pull has significantly reduced this varietal * Grapes are high in acidity and tannin – so winemakers try to soften this with carbonic maceration or by blending in other varieties * Wines are typically: * Typically unoaked * Medium ruby in colour * Simple blackberry fruit with high acidity and tannins

Answer 63

* Fermentation in concrete or stainless steel tanks * Generally inoculated with cultured yeast * Two styles of fermentation technique for red * Carbonic maceration * Used to make fruity wines, deep colour and low tannins * Mid-range fermentation temperatures to preserve fruit flavours * Vast majority of these wines are made for early drinking * Crushing, maceration, fermentation on skins for 5-7 days * Some tannin extraction * Mid-range fermentation temperatures for flavour preservation * Some tannin so wines will age for 2-3 years

Answer 64

* For small volume production * Some sorting tables used * Warmer fermentation temperatures * Natural yeasts sometimes used * Maturation in oak * These wines are ageworthy

Answer 65

* Represent 70% of Languedoc production * Maximum yields: * 90 hL/Ha. for red and white wines, * 100 hL/Ha. for Rose * Labelled by varietal * commercially very successful

Answer 66

* **Three forms of IGP** * **Regional –** IGP Pays d’Oc – whole of Languedoc-Roussillon region * **Departmental –** IGP Gard * **Smaller unit named after a feature –** IGP Cotes de Thongue

Answer 67

* **IGP Pays d’Oc** * Largest IGP wine in France * 10-15% of all French Wine! * **50% red, 25% white and 25% Rose** * Typically fresh, fruity expressions, little or no oak for maturing the wines * Good to very good quality, inexpensive to mid priced * By variety grown and sold as IGP Pays d’Oc * Merlot (21%) * Cabernet Sauvignon * Chardonnay * Syrah * Grenache Noir * Sauvignon Blanc * Cinsaut * 50% sold in France, mostly supermarkets and hospitality * Exports to Germany, Netherlands and Belgium

Answer 68

**APPELLATION REQUIREMENTS** * Principal grape varieties and ‘other allowed grape varieties’ – most of the AOC laws are based around this distinction * **For RED wines:** * Minimum of two varieties – including one or more Principal varieties * Except for Cabardes and Malepere – ALL require GRENACHE in the blend * Most also require SYRAH and MOURVEDRE * In many appellations these three are the principal varieties * In FITOU & CORBIERES – CARIGNAN is a principal * Sub zones may have different requirements to the parent * **Vineyard requirements as well as Wine requirements – these can differ!**

Answer 69

* **Style, quality and price** * Red wines can be grouped by: * Regional appellation – Languedoc AOC * Medium intensity in aroma * Simple blackberry, red plum * Medium tannins, acidity and alcohol(?) * Named appellation (i.e. Corbieres AOC) * Medium to medium+ intensity of aromas and flavours * Blackberry, red plum, herb notes * Medium tannins, med-med+ acidity * Medium to high alcohol * Minority have oak aromas * Good to very good quality with some outstanding examples * Sub-appellations (Corbieres-Boutenac AOC) * Medium+ to pronounced aromas and flavours * Medium+ tannins * Very good quality with some outstanding

Answer 70

***AOC Languedoc*** * Yields * 50hl/Ha. for reds * 60 hL/Ha. for whites * **AOC rules for Red wines** * Principal varieties are Grenache, Syrah and Mourvèdre * Min. of two varieties – including one of the principals * No variety more than 80% * Principal varieties must min. 40% of blend * Other varieties must be no more than 30% of blend

Answer 71

***CORBIERES AOC – 10,000 Ha (4^th largest AOC in France)*** * Hilly appellation – south west of Narbonne * Vineyards on slopes up to 450 metres * 90% red production

Answer 72

* AOC rules * 40% min. must be principal varieties * Principals are CARIGNAN, Grenache Noir, Syrah and Mourvedre * Up to 20% other varieties (including Cinsaut) * Max. yield for all wines is 50 hL/Ha

Answer 73

* **Corbieres-Boutenac AOC** * **Carignan, Grenache, Mourvèdre – 70% minimum.** * Limestone base soils * Highly regarded wines * Small AOC, 150 Ha.

Answer 74

* White wines * Bourboulenc * Grenache Blanc * Marsanne and Roussanne * Rolle (Vermentino)

Answer 75

***Minervois*** 87% of reds, 10% rosé & 3% white * Has altitude and proximity to the Mediterranean * Most red and rose wines are Grenache, Syrah or Mourvèdre blends * AOC rules * The ‘G,S and M’ plus Carignan and Cinsaut – **must be 50%** * No variety exceeding 80% of blend

Answer 76

***Minervois La Liviniere*** * **RED wine only** * **First sub region AOC in Minervois in 1999** * Limestone terrace of gentle slopes * Up to 400m * Altitude helps to retain acidity than lower parts of Minervois * Winemaking * Full or partial carbonic maceration * AOC rules * Red wines * The ‘G,S or M’ – **must be min. 40%** * **Plus Carignan and Cinsaut – can be counted in making up to a min. 80% of the blend**

Answer 77

***AOC Saint Chinian*** –A large AOC * Located between Faugères & Minervois, north of Béziers with 2 zones: * **South**: lime clay soils with good water retention -\> reds with body and tannins – but less concentration * **North**: arid, fast draining schist soils with some estates producing some wines of higher concentration * Contains two sub zones Saint-Chinian Roqueburn, Saint-Chinian Berlou * Winemaking rules * **50% minimum of Grenache, Syrah and Mourvedre** * As per above – North area has two more quality focussed sub zones * Key producer: Clos Bagatelle

Answer 78

***Fitou*** – * First AOC in Languedoc in 1948 * All Fitou can be bottled as Corbieres * 2 zones: 1. *Fitou maritime*: clay & limestone soils + sea influence -\> softer, more rounded wines 2. *Fitou de Hautes Corbieres*: more mountainous with free draining schist soils + less sea influence -\> more structure * Winemaking rules * Focus on traditional varietals * Carignan – must be10 to 40% of the blend * Grenache – min. of 20% * Semi-carbonic maceration on the Carignan to give better fruit and aromas with less tannin

Answer 79

***Faugères AOC*** (ll) Majority red wine production plus some Rose * vineyards on the foothills of the Cévennes, 250-400mRL * Homogeneous soils of schist suited for best quality reds esp. Syrah * High percentage of Organic production * Winemaking rules * 33 hL/ha avg yield (Low) * Wine must be aged for a year before release * Key producers: Léon Barral, Mas l’Olivier * 90% of wines sold in France

Answer 80

***Pic Saint-Loup AOC*** 500ha * North of Montpellier, continental climate, 1000mm of rainfall * quality area with cooler climate GSM 90% of plantings * Syrah performs well here * Wine AOC rules * Syrah must be 50% of the blend * Only Red and Rose

Answer 81

***Terrasses du Larzac AOC*** * Granted AOC status in 2014 * Climate – **high diurnal range** – up to 20 degrees in Summer * Vineyards at a range of altitudes 120m up to 400m * Wine AOC rules * **RED wines only** * Has to have three varieties in it * Wine styles * Premium quality (attracting investment) * Ripe fruit flavours but good acidity * Quality producers * La Peira * Grange des Peres

Answer 82

***La Clape AOC*** (ll) * New AOC – 2015 * Geographically close to Narbonne city - on the ocean * Climate is warm, sunny, arid and windy * Fruit obtains full ripeness * Suitable for varieties such as Mourvedre * Wine production * **80% is red** * Well known for White * Wine AOC rules * Whites minimum 60% Bourboulenc and/or Grenache Blanc * Key quality producer: Château la Negly

Answer 83

***Atlantic influenced appellations*** * Most westerly of the Languedoc appellations * Have Bordeaux varietals growing – alongside Languedoc ones * The two appellations are: * **Malepere AOC** * Climate influenced by Atlantic, protected from Mediterranean by mountains * Blend of two varieties * Must be min. 40% Merlot * **Cabardes AOC** * Both Atlantic and Mediterranean influence * Both Bordeaux varietals and Languedoc * The blend must have * Minimum of 40% of Bordeaux varietals – CabS, CabF, Merlot and Languedoc varietals of Grenache and/or Syrah

Answer 84

***Picpoul de Pinet*** * Located close to the coast on low lying land * The soils are generally sandy * The climate is warm and sunny * Grapegrowing * Dedicated entirely to growing ‘Piquepoul Blanc’ * The grapes retain acidity in the warm climate and ripen well * Winemaking AOC rules & history & style * 60 hL/Ha. Max. yield – quite high * Modern technology has allowed retention of fruity flavours and aromas * The wine style is: * Green-gold colour * Dry style and medium+ to high acidity * Medium bodied * Medium intensity of lemon fruit with light floral notes * Wine business * Dominated by cooperatives (“Ormarine”) – 90% of production * 65% is exported plus domestic is dominated by local tourist trade * UK is main export market, followed by USA

Answer 85

**WINE BUSINESS OF LANGUEDOC** Key facts * 32,000 winemakers; 220,000ha (~25% of all French vines) * 70% of region’s production is IGP * 15% is AOC * Still dominated by simple wine categories * Rose production has grown 35% in recent years * Exports are growing strongly – mainly USA and China * Promote through Sud de France

Answer 86

* The Growing environment * Climate * Hot & driest region in France w continuous northerly Tramontane winds. * Mediterranean climate * 500-600mm rainfall and high sunshine hours * Influenced by Pyrenees which provide altitude to some vineyards * Low disease pressure * Topography * Many vineyards planted on slopes or foothills of Pyrenees * No extensive flat coastal plains (key difference from Languedoc)

Answer 87

o The key grape varieties Red/Rose · Grenache Noir · Syrah · Carignan · Mourvèdre White · Macabeu (Viura)

Answer 88

* High portion (15%) of organic production * Low yields due to low rainfall and high sunshine hours * Bush vines were historically the norm * But expensive to maintain * Must be worked by hand * Today areas that are suitable for trellising (i.e. flat enough) have been converted * Production is: * Grenache Noir ~23% * Syrah ~ 16% * Carignan ~14%

Answer 89

* Winemaking * 25% of production is VDN (not considered here) * The remaining 75% of production is approx. 50/50 PGI/AOC wines * Cooperatives are very strong – 75% of production! * A combination of traditional crushing/maceration on skins and carbonic maceration * Majority of wines are Red with Rose and a small portion of whites

Answer 90

***Côtes du Roussillon*** (lll) * Near 5000 Ha. * Whole plain between Pyrenees and the sea; * Excludes Collioure though * On the lower slopes of the Pyrenees (100-250m) * Maximum yield is 48 hL/Ha. * **Red wines** * Principal varieties are Carignan, Grenache, Mourvedre and Syrah * Carignan can’t be greater than 50% in the vineyard * Syrah and Mourvèdre, separately or together must be greater than 25% in the vineyard! * Minimum of two varietals but one varietal can’t be more than 80% * Similar in quality and price to Languedoc

Answer 91

***Côtes du Roussillon-villages*** – 14% of production * An appellation for red wines only * Less than 50% the size of Cote du Roussillon * Vines grown from 100-400 metres * More work by hand due to the slope * Max. yield of 45 hL/Ha. But lower yields often * Same rules – as for Cote du Roussillon for varieties, blending * Five villages can append name to this appellation * Example – Tautavel * Lower yield max. 42 hL/Ha. * Some villages require Carignan to be made with Carbonic maceration – to reduce tannin and heighten fruit * Hi acidity, deep coloured bitter wines, w more spice and concentration vs. Côtes du Roussillon. Carbonic maceration to soften wines * **North**: Caramany, Tautavel, Latour-de-France & Lesquerde are individual communal appellations * **South**: Les Aspres –recognised terroir since 04

Answer 92

Collioure AOC * Small appellation – covers Banyuls area (VDN AOC?) * Grape growing * Steep terraces above Mediterranean * Hot growing environment * Low rainfall and poor soils * Low yields – typically 20-25 hL/Ha. * Wines * Full bodied red and white wines * Max. yield of 40 hL/Ha. Rarely achieved * Red wines – similar to Langudeoc in quality, style and price

Answer 93

IGP Cotes Catalanes * Covers Pyrennes-Orientales department * Used for red and white wines * Includes some super premium whites – Domaine Gauby

Answer 94

* Cooperatives are very important in the region – 75% * Increasing number of high quality focussed individual wineries * 80% of the wines sold in France * Notable producers * **Roussillon - Domaine Gauby – 40ha / 80,000btls** * Run by perfectionists Gérard & Ghislaine Gauby; Mineral complex reds & whites