language, thoughts and communication Flashcards
verbal communication
the use of words as a way of expressing your thoughts and how you feel
non-verbal communication
exchanging information without words. this includes eye contact and facial expressions as well as more general body language. such aspects of communication have an import role in relaying meaning to other people
eye contact
when two people look at each other’s eyes at the same time. eye contact has a number of roles in communication such as regulating the flow of conversation, signalling attraction and expressing emotion
closed posture
having arms and/or legs crossed which suggests that the person is in disagreement with what is being said or possibly annoyed
open posture
a relaxed posture suggests someone is listening in a social interaction and is in an agreement with what is happening
postural echo
mirroring of body positions by people in a social interaction, tends to suggest two people are getting on well
personal space
distance between ourselves and others in everyday life, it can be affected my culture, gender and status
evolutionary theory
explains how species have adapted to their environment
inate
means “inborn” a product of genetic factors
adaptive
any physical or psychological characteristics that enhances an individual’s survival and reproduction
piagets theory
language depends on thought
THE DEVELOPMENT OF LANGUAGE
children understand the concept of language before they begin to use it
pre-operational
LOGICAL THINKING
the concrete operational stage language becomes more mature and logically, can consider others views
LANGUAGE DEPENDS ON THOUGHT
holstein develop language by matching the correct words to their existing knowledge, schema come before they know how to speak
YOUNG CHILDREN
they will only understand words until they are “ready” when they reach the right stage of cognitive development
language can’t exist without thoughts
weakness of piagets theory is the the sapir-whorf hypothesis suggests the opposite, that language become before thought. suggesting piaget was wrong
a strength of piagets theory shows that early language development is not random. they understand the relationship between objects, showing that children only develop language when they have the schema
the saphir-whorf hypothesis
THINKING DEPENDS ON LANGUAGE
language comes first the thoughts afterwards. words influence our thoughts and perceptions not the other way around
a weakness is that just because a culture has more words it doesn’t mean that the words come first, they didn’t consider why there was a culture didfeeence, suggesting language is because of our environment
LANGUAGE AFFECTS RECALL OF EVENTS
the way something is described to us can influence the way we remember it. language influences memory
LANGUAGE AFFECTS RECALL OF COLOUR
cognitive thinking such as recognition and recall are influenced by language
NATIVE AMERICAN
hopi: “timeless” language as they are unable to refer to time through language. this means they are also unable to think about time
THE ZUNI
they have one word for orange and yellow. they have difficulty distinguishing between yellow and orange because of the lack of words for those colours
animal communicate for
food - dances, pheromones
survival - vocal, visual
territory- scent
reproduction- feathers
humans communicate for
future events- planning
singles versus multiple channels- spoken, written, social media
creativity- combining words
von frischs bee study
aim
describe bee dances
method
food sources in different areas and distances
(controlled observation)
results
round dance- less than 100 metres away
the waggle dance- gives location and distance of the food
conclusion
sophisticated form of communication
helps survival
yuki’s study of emoticons
aim
find out which part of the emoji american and the japanese focus on
method independent group design 95 japanese students 115 american rate emoticons
results
Japanese rated highest with happy eyes
Americans rated highest with happy mouths
conclusion
cultural groups interpret facial expressions differently
