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Psychology > Language, Thought And Communication > Flashcards

Language, Thought And Communication Flashcards

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1
Q

Schema

A

Where we store new information we’ve learnt

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2
Q

The 4 points to Piaget’s theory

A

Language depends on thought
Young children
The development of language
Logical thinking

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3
Q

Piaget’s theory - language depends on thought

A

Understanding comes before their language

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4
Q

Piaget’s theory - young children

A

They only understand the concepts when they have reached the right stage of cognitive development to have an understanding

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5
Q

Piaget’s theory - the development of language

A

In the sensorimotor stage, children understand the concept of language before they start to use it. In the pre-operational stage, they start to develop the language

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6
Q

Piaget’s theory - logical thinking

A

By the concrete operational stage, children’s language becomes more logical and mature

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7
Q

The 4 points of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

A

Thinking depends on language
Strong - language determines thought
Weak - language influences thought
Which version is better?

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8
Q

Sapir-Whorf hypothesis - thinking depends on language

A

That language comes first and then thoughts come after

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9
Q

Sapir-Whorf hypothesis - strong

A

This view says that if a particular word has no words for a certain thought then, if they speak that language, they cannot think about it

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10
Q

Sapir-Whorf hypothesis - weak

A

The weak side says that language only influences thought and doesn’t completely determine thought

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11
Q

Sapir-Whorf hypothesis - which version is better?

A

Both Sapir and Whorf preferred the weaker version of the hypothesis

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12
Q

Von Frisch’s bee study aim

A

To describe the dances performed by bees and how these help bees to communicate

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13
Q

Von Frisch’s bee study method

A

He put food close to a bee and far away and observed 6000 bees over 20 years

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14
Q

Von Frisch’s bee study results

A

There were two types of dances. The round dance was in a circle if food was less than 100 metres away. The waggle dance was them moving a figure of 8 and waggling their abdomen in the middle, if they wiggled faster then it was closer than if they waggled slower

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15
Q

Von Frisch’s bee study conclusion

A

That bees have quite a sophisticated form of animal communication

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16
Q

The 4 functions of animal communication

A

Survival - monkey
Reproduction - peacock
Territory - rhinos
Food - bees

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17
Q

3 properties oh human communication that is not present in animal communication

A

Plan ahead and discuss future events
Creativity
Single Vs multiple channels

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18
Q

Verbal communication

A

When we use words and language as a way of expressing our thoughts and feelings

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19
Q

Non - verbal communication

A

Exchanging information without information

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20
Q

The 3 examples of non - verbal communication

A

Eye contact
Body language
Personal space

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21
Q

3 things eye contact does

A

Regulating flow of conversation
Signalling attraction
Expressing emotion

22
Q

Eye contact - regulating flow of conversation

A

Eye contact is often used to signal who’s turn it is to speak

23
Q

Eye contact - signalling signs of attraction

A

Levels of eye contact normally increase when we are up close or talking to someone we like

24
Q

Eye contact - expressing emotion

A

We use eye contact to express how intense the emotion we are experiencing is

25
Q

3 typed of body language communication

A

Open and closed posture
Postural echo
Touch

26
Q

Body language - open and closed posture

A

Closed posture signals that the person does not want speaking to and open posture signals that the person is more relaxed

27
Q

Body language - postural echo

A

People who get on, such as friends, tend to copy each others body posture unintentionally

28
Q

Body language - touch

A

Touch can be used to flirt, express friendship or show dominance

29
Q

3 factors affecting personal space

A

Cultural differences
Gender differences
Status differences

30
Q

Personal space - cultural differences

A

Personal space varies between different cultures as English people are comfortable with personal space of 1 metre where as for Arab men it was a lot closer

31
Q

Personal space - gender differences

A

Men tend to prefer a larger personal space than women. Women also felt more uncomfortable when their personal space was invaded by the side and men from the front

32
Q

Personal space - status differences

A

People with equal or similar personal status tend to have closer personal space than those with very different status

33
Q

The 4 parts to Darwin’s evolutionary theory

A

Darwin and evolution
Non - verbal communication as evolved and adaptive
Comparisons with human behaviour
Serviceable habits

34
Q

Darwin’s evolutionary theory - Darwin and evolution

A

Darwin argued that genes for any behaviour that improves an animal’s chance of survival are passed on to the next

35
Q

Darwin’s evolutionary theory - Non - verbal communication as evolved and adaptive

A

Darwin suggests that non - verbal communication has evolved in animals as a way of expressing emotions, for example bearing teeth

36
Q

Darwin’s evolutionary theory - comparisons with human behaviour

A

Darwin’s theory argues that all animals are linked through evolution, so many of the non - verbal communications we see in animals we often see in humans as well

37
Q

Darwin’s evolutionary theory - serviceable habits

A

Habits that would have been promoted for survival in the wild for animals

38
Q

3 factors that show that non - verbal behaviour is innate

A

Social releases in neonates
Facial expressions in neonates
Sensory deprived

39
Q

Neonate research

A

Research done in newly born babies

40
Q

Evidence that non - verbal behaviour is innate - social releases in neonates

A

Smiling and eye contact make someone want to care for and look after a baby, making them a survival technique

41
Q

Evidence that non - verbal behaviour is innate - facial expressions in neonates

A

Babies show emotions through facial expressions very soon after birth

42
Q

Evidence that non - verbal behaviour is innate - sensory deprived

A

Blind babies can smile even though they have never seen someone smile before showing it is an innate survival technique

43
Q

The 3 factors that show that non - verbal behaviour is learned

A

Contact Vs non - contact cultures
Gestures
Explaining cultural differences

44
Q

Evidence that non - verbal behaviour is learned - contact Vs non - contact cultures

A

People have different personal space in different cultures. In Latin cultures they are classed as a more contact culture than countries such as the UK and the USA which are classed as a more non - contact culture

45
Q

Evidence that non - verbal behaviour is learned - gestures

A

Different gestures are interpreted by different cultures differently

46
Q

Evidence that non - verbal behaviour is learned - explaining cultural differences

A

People observe how other people in their culture interact and then immitate it

47
Q

Yuki’s emoticon study - aim

A

To see if there is a difference in how different emoticons are understood by people in the East and in the West

48
Q

Yuki’s emoticon study - method

A

Students from Japan and America were shown emoticons with either happy, sad or neutral eyes and sad, happy or neutral mouths and were asked to rate their emotion on a 9 point scale

49
Q

Yuki’s emoticon study - results

A

Japanese people gave higher ratings for emoticons with happy eyes and American people gave higher ratings for emoticons with happy mouths

50
Q

Yuki’s emoticon study - conclusion

A

That Japanese and American people interpret facial expressions differently, this could be due to cultural norms and expectations

Psychology (4 decks)

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