Language pt 2

Question 1

What is stimulus generalization?

Answer 1

An observer’s ability to classify different stimuli as being the same. Eg. newspapers in foreign countries

Question 2

What is type-token distinction?

Answer 2

The ability to differentiate superficial versus structural differences in stimuli. Eg. Letter A is different fonts.

Question 3

What is stimulus discrimination?

Answer 3

The ability to differentiate stimuli based on existing top-down information. Eg. reading another person’s handwritten notes.

Question 4

What is categorical perception?

Question 5

What are the findings from Liberman et al. (1957)?

Answer 5

Categorical boundaries were more important than categorical distances.

Question 6

What are the findings from Goldstone (1994)?

Answer 6

Training participations acquire distinctiveness and as a result perform better than control.

Question 7

What is a potential confound in categorical perception?

Answer 7

Could it be that participants are using different verbal labelling?

Question 8

What are the key findings from Goldstone et al. (2001)

Answer 8

After deliberate removal of rich semantic language, categorical perception effect was found to be present.

Question 9

What is the Whorf hypothesis?

Answer 9

The way we divide up the world is determined by the lines laid down by our native language. The language we use determines our perceptions!

Question 10

What is the Roschian hypothesis?

Answer 10

Structure of the world determines how objects are grouped together

Question 11

What is universalism?

Answer 11

Humans have the same conceptual system regardless of language. Typically goes against a Whorfian view.

Question 12

What is relativism?

Answer 12

Human perceptual systems are depending on ntive culture. Supports Whorfian view.

Question 13

What are the 3 elements of color?

Answer 13

1) hue
2) saturation
3) brightness

Question 14

What do Munsell colors help uncover?

Answer 14

Universalism versus relativism

Question 15

What did the Heider (1972) study show?

Answer 15

Researched differences between Americans and Indonesian New Guinea natives, Dugum Dani, and found evidence for universalism as both groups were able to better identify focal colours over non-focal ones.

Question 16

What did the Robertson et al (2000) study show?

Answer 16

By studying color categorization between English and Berinmo, there was evidence of relativism.

Question 17

What is commonly agreed about language and perception?

Answer 17

Language draws attention to differences that might have otherwise gone unnoticed.

Question 18

What are aphasias?

Answer 18

Language deficits, typically from language.

Question 19

Broadly, how many types of aphasias are there?

Answer 19

1) Broca’s (syntactic)
2) Wernicke’s (semantic)
3) Global (total loss of language)

Question 20

What has evolved in our understanding of aphasia?

Answer 20

There is a much more nuanced understanding of the different aphasias and how they overlap.

Question 21

What is Alexia?

Answer 21

It is acquired Dyslexia.

In both Alexia and Dyslexia, agraphia (inability to write) may also be present.

Question 22

How many types of Alexia are there?

Answer 22

1) Surface
2) Deep
3) Pure

Question 23

What do the different types of Alexia suggest?

Answer 23

That there are 2 different systems (phonological and semantic) at play.

Question 24

How common is dysliexia?

Answer 24

5 to 17% of global population (McCandliss & Noble, 2003)

Question 25

Is dyslexia present across languages?

Answer 25

To date, most research is on English, German, Spanish and Chinese.

Question 26

Are there cross cultural challenges with dyslexia diagnosis?

Answer 26

Yes, there are potentially issues when switching around languages. hence, it is important to understand the context.