language & literacy Flashcards
a teacher using Phonemic Awareness in a classroom could be…
the teacher slowly saying aloud rhyming words like “bear” “chair” and “hair” so students recognize the sounds of each letter
Differentiated instruction entails…
meeting students where they are at in their learning by tailoring instruction
i.e. flexible small groups, learning styles, time modification
what are Diphthongs?
a vowel in which there is a noticeable sound change within the same syllable
i.e. /ɪə/ as in beer, pier, hear
PRICE /aɪ/, as in try, night and height.
FACE /eɪ/ as in say, stain and freight
CHOICE /ɔɪ/ as in noise, loiter and boy
GOAT /əʊ/ (/oʊ/ in GenAm) as in slow, toe and mauve
how are single and multi-syllable VC-e words applied?
vowel, consonant, -e
single syllable VCe
a-e snake, age, rate, shape
i-e time, five, life, slide, quite
multi-syllable VCe
e-e complete, Chinese, athlete, supreme
o-e suppose, telescope, telephone, remote
u-e diffuse, execute, volume, include, produce
as types of context clues, what’s an example of
> DEFINITION
> ANTONYM / CONTRAST
> SYNONYM / COMPARE
DEFINITION > A symbiotic relationship exists between sharks and algae; the shark and the algae are beneficial to each other. The word symbiotic means beneficial.
CONTRAST > Aura quaked while she waited for the principal, but Jeffery stood calmly. In this example, the word quaked is understood as the opposite of standing calmly.
COMPARE > Josie was ecstatic about her college acceptance letter, Lisa could almost taste her excitement.
among the types of assessments, what’s an example of…
>UNIVERSAL SCREENERS
>DIAGNOSTIC TEST
>PROGRESS MONITORING TOOLS
>SUMMATIVE
UNIVERSAL SCREENERS > given to all students to identify reading problems; need extra support
DIAGNOSTIC > identify strengths + weak areas in reading; detailed profile to guide intervention
PROGRESS MONITORING TOOLS > regular; to check growth and adjust instruction method
SUMMATIVE > check overall reading performance; end of unit or end of year; gages program effectiveness
a subject that would require spatial thinking is…
geography; looking at maps
Exposing students to information about subject matter before reading is known as:
Introducing background information
[b/c comprehension of the text increases]
Teachers can support student reading by:
Using graphic organizers or visual aids during reading to keep students engaged in their reading
[engage with text and supports visual readers with comprehension]
What is an important component of the one-sentence method of note taking and summarizing?
[bonus] What is the one sentence method?
discussing student choices.
the one-sentence method requires students to listen to info and summarize it in one sentence. Upon sharing with their peers, they learn to decipher what is the main idea vs a detail.
which note-taking and summarizing method asks students to write a topic sentence?
Rule-based method
this method makes students… decide what to keep and delete, combine information, and write a topic sentence. [components of summarizing]
a reference tools to build your vocabulary are (4)…
glossary, thesaurus, online dictionary, dictionary
what language family is English a part of?
Germanic
what does etymology mean?
the origin of a word and how it has changed over time
why would it be better to say someone is ‘slim’ rather than ‘scrawny’ when paying them a compliment?
through the two words have similar denotative meanings, slim has a positive connotation while scrawny has a negative connotation
the suffix that means more is __
er
using your knowledge of word parts, specifically root words and suffixes, what does “liberty” mean?
the condition of freedom
in the following sentence, which word serves as a definition of ‘transient’?
‘Her transient thoughts of quitting her dead-end job are fleeting, lasting only as long as the weekly meeting she abhors.’
transient means fleeting
[context clues: structure]
what is an affix?
prefix is an affix attached to the beginning
suffix is an affix attached to the end
According to Robert Marzano, the first step in introducing a new academic vocabulary word is:
Make connections to other similar words
what is a text feature?
an element that is separate, or independent, of a main text that is meant to enhance a reader’s understanding and recall of a atopic by drawing attention to important information. (ex:) images, fonts, graphs, use of color or layout
what is language structure?
how do all these words fit together to create meaning?
what are metacognitive strategies?
think about their thinking - to monitor and direct their understanding of the text
(ex:) a reader who is metacognitive when reading will predict what may happen next. one who isn’t has a more shallow understanding and is more likely to struggle.
The word genre comes from the French, meaning
Kind
What is procatalepsis? And its origin?
a rhetorical device. started out as a greek military term. it’s when a speaker anticipates an opposing argument and refutes or otherwise discredits it before its made.
when an author in her own work refers to an event or character in another work, this is called a/an
allusion {adds context or depth}
What is a euphemism
When an author uses a milder image or phrase to describe a graphic or explicit event.
Problem and solution is a type of ___ text
informational
‘Similar to her first novel, Gillian Flynn continues to rely on an unreliable narrator in her next work.’
You would expect to see this sentence in what type of essay pattern?
Compare/contrast
What is the exposition
where we learn about the setting and background information about the characters
Exposition means ‘setting forth of the meaning or purpose (as of a writing).’
A good way to remember this is to think of the exposition as when the characters are exposed.
A student is reading a passage and doesn’t remember to pause at periods and instead continues into the new sentence without any change of pace or tone. What area is a struggle for this student, based on this description?
Prosody
A fluent reader has prosody, which is the pace and rhythm that’s appropriate for the text, including its punctuation and its meaning. Therefore, a student who isn’t pausing at periods or continuing onto a new sentence without change of pace or tone, is struggling with prosody.
Reading with expression is an example of…
Fluency
the smallest unit of sound in written words
Graphemes
How frequently should all students be individually assessed for phonics skills development?
3 times per year
An example of a Universal Design for Learning (UDL) strategy for representation
The Frayer model (a specific vocabulary learning strategy that helps students acquire new words. Since it focuses on how students learn, it falls under the category of representation.)
What is an example of an inflectional suffix?
-ful
used to change the grammatical use of a word, not the overall meaning
When using timed repeated reading in reading instruction, how many times should a reader be asked to read a passage?
4-6
Is it helpful for a student to learn by reading with another student her or his age?
Yes, only if one student has a higher reading level and can correct any errors made by her or his peer
Which of the following is an important use of dictation?
Assessing a student’s grasp of phonics (dictation = assessment tool that indicates concepts students have grasped and where they might benefit from further instruction)
Clarissa decides to teach the ‘sh’ sound by reading a poem where every line starts with a word with ‘sh’ in it. She is using ____ phonics instruction.
Implicit phonics instruction involves teaching children phonics through exposure to language, instead of through teaching explicit rules, such as teaching the ‘sh’ sound through the reading of a poem
What question might you ask when assessing a student’s prosody?
Do they attend to punctuation
What might it mean if a child is reading very slowly?
They are reading a text that is too challenging
When assessing a student’s reading rate, what do you want to watch out for?
Make sure their speed is not impeding their comprehension
What game is good for teaching sight words?
flashcards, bingo, memory
Breaking apart a word into its component parts is an example of…
word structure
Which is an example of being metacognitive?
struggling with a word and reading more carefully to understand what it means (they are thinking about their thinking and are aware when they do and don’t understand what’s going on in text)
According to Robert Marzano, the first step in introducing a new academic vocabulary word is:
Define the word and give examples
object pronoun
personal pronoun that is used typically as a grammatical object: the direct or indirect object of a verb, or the object of a preposition
(me, you, him, her, us, them, and whom)
adverb clauses
an adverbial clause is a dependent clause that does the same thing as an adverb
modifier
an optional element in phrase structure or clause structure
(e.g. good and family in a good family house; The student carefully proofread her draft.)
subject pronoun
personal pronoun that is used as the subject of a verb which means that it’s the person or thing performing the action
serial comma
“pancakes, scrambled eggs, and bacon”
conjunctive adverb
an adverb that connects two independent clauses
(besides, incidentally, next, thereafter, certainly, indeed, nonetheless, therefore)
dependent clause
provides an independent clause with additional information, but which cannot stand alone as a sentence
(I went out on the bike that Mary gave me for my birthday.)
Relative pronouns
A relative pronoun marks a relative clause
(which, that, who, and whom)
Sheela, who is a teacher, also works as a social worker.
collective noun
a word which refers to a collection of things taken as a whole
“A kindle of kittens.”
phonemic awareness
a subset of phonological awareness in which listeners are able to hear, identify and manipulate phonemes, the smallest units of sound that can differentiate meaning
being able to identify that the word ‘cat’ has three sounds (/k/ /a/ /t/) and being able to change the /k/ sound to /b/ to create the word ‘bat’
language family
a group of languages related through descent from a common ancestor, called the proto-language of that family
affix
an additional element placed at the beginning or end of a root, stem, or word, or in the body of a word, to modify its meaning.
(un-)
the student is using syntactic cues to determine an unknown word in the sentence, ‘The biggest threat to humpback whales is the w—ing ….’
envirorment
Syntactic cues use the structure of a sentence to find unknown words. The structure of the sentence and the definite article ‘the’ preceding the missing word would be environment
Syntax is the order or arrangement of words and phrases to form proper sentences. The most basic syntax follows a subject + verb + direct object formula. That is, “Jillian hit the ball.” Syntax allows us to understand that we wouldn’t write, “Hit Jillian the ball.”
example that best describes the use of semantic cues for decoding unknown words?
determine words using background knowledge about the topic of the story
Semantic cues use what the student knows about the topic to generate a list of words that make sense.
semantic cues: meaning -> does it make sense?
Approximately how many sight words make up 50% of written language?
100
(Only 100 basic sight words make up half of everything students will read. It is worth their time to memorize the basic sight words.)
Print awareness is the:
Ability to understand that the printed text conveys context
Print awareness is the knowledge that written language is related to oral language, and the understanding that the printed text conveys context.
What is the first thing teachers need to do when teaching phonemic awareness?
Assess student
Phonemic awareness instruction should be based in students’ individual needs. Teachers should use assessments to determine what instruction is necessary.
What is the goal of the whole-language approach?
to understand the function of reading over understanding the actual context
In whole-language instruction, the content is not emphasized, but the foundation of reading is. For example, young children will realize a parent is reading a recipe in order to know how to cook a meal. The function of that piece of writing is understood, even though the child cannot read it himself.
At what age does emergent literacy occur?
between birth and first grade
What materials are found in emergent literacy classrooms?
different genres of books, recipes and menus, dictionaries
What age group is best helped by literacy interventions?
all ages
The key is to orient instruction and intervention toward what students are struggling with most, regardless of their age.
What is the first step of literacy intervention?
Assessment
Which of the following is an appropriate decoding assessment?
Having a student read nonsense words aloud
(decoding skills assessment focuses on whether students can read unfamiliar words, consonant blends, and words with irregular spelling patterns)
Providing students with different options for demonstrating what they have learned is called
differentiating instruction
A textbook scavenger hunt would
assess the reading skill of interpreting theme in literature. (would push the students to process a variety of texts. In terms of theme, you can have them searching for a number of pieces of literature all sharing the same underlying theme.)
Sanjay stopped taking the test when he came upon several questions with words that had different meanings and contexts to him. This is an example of:
construct bias (occurs when words and phrases are used particular to one cultural construct, but the test-taker, Sanjay, who is from another culture, has a different construct for those words and phrases.)
tests versus quizzes
tests: typically come at the end of a longer lesson = summative
quizzes: short, occur throughout lesson, assess short-term progress
what are the purposes of formal assessments
Formal assessments can be used to find out new information about the student, but they should not be used as a means to confirm what you think you already know.
the four main types of formal assessment
essay tests, standardized tests, program tests, criterion-referenced tests
one way to increase emphasis when presenting?
state clearly when important topics and key concepts are presented.
characteristics of pre-linguistic language development
cooing and laughter, vocal play, complex utterance
(Pre-linguistic development refers to the sounds and vocal experiments that babies make before they can produce words.)
stage of near native speaking ability?
advanced fluency
A mild to severe impairment that affects the ways a person receives, processes, sends and understands information is:
a communication disorder
the process of coordinated sounds and movements to express ideas both verbally and nonverbally is:
speech
Which aspects of spoken language are best addressed via performance and presentation?
Organizational skills are best addressed via performance and presentation
(Because performances and presentations involve a lot of advance planning and preparation)
What aspect of speaking skills deals with the social norms of language, like turn-taking in a conversation?
Pragmatics deal with the social norms of language (i.e. making eye contact, listening, or taking turns in conversation)
How many different functions of language are there?
7
What is the key to helping children develop listening and speaking skills?
Modeling good listening and speaking skills
When studying oral language, we are not looking at the ___ but instead…
history of spoken language but instead the ways children acquire verbal communications and how children use verbal communication
How can children learn to monitor their own listening?
they check themselves every 30 seconds or so.
Which strategy is most effective in developing students’ academic language knowledge?
engagement in wide/diverse reading with opportunities to discuss and write about the texts (students must see academic language more than once in multiple contexts)
[A chart with different types of extreme weather and the characteristics of the storms=semantic feature analysis] this activity will most help vocab development by strengthening which word-related skill?
analyzing the nuances of meaning between related words
example of words with a common latin roots for upper elementary students
audible, audience, auditorium
aud meaning “hear”
research based instruction in comprehension strategies (general steps)
explicit description of the strategy
teacher modeling
guided practice
independent practice
research suggests that a beneficial differentiation strategy for ELL’s text comprehension is ______
explicit instruction in the meanings of basic English words, aka tier one words
Which of the following words would be most appropriate for a second grade teacher to use when providing instruction to students on the closed-syllable pattern VC/CV?
a) howling
b) brother
c) flicker
d) public
public (syllabicated between the consonants b and l and contains a closed first syllable)
When the vowel of a syllable is short, the syllable will be closed off by one or more consonants
a student needs to improve their prosody but is benchmark level with accuracy and rate. which fluency lesson should the techer start with
teacher modeling by reading a target passage aloud
prosody is reading with expression and proper phrasing. fluency instruction should begin with an example of expressive reading by a fluent reader as students see the text and follow along. then asked to read passage themselves.
a first grade teacher is looking for a decodable text with single consonants, consonant blends, and short vowel sounds. Which sentence works best?
a) Dave sat with his mom on the bench
b) Jon gets hit with his bat and runs fast.
Jon gets hit with his bat and runs fast.
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