Language levels- SEMANTICS

Question 1

Define hypernym and give examples.

Answer 1

A hypernym is a word with a broad meaning constituting a category into which words with more specific meanings fall. (e.g. ‘vehicle’ is a general term encompassing ‘car’, ‘bus’, ‘bicycle’)

Question 2

Define hyponym and give examples.

Answer 2

A hyponym is a word with a more specific meaning that can be classified by the hypernym. (e.g. ‘apple’, ‘banana’, ‘orange’- hypernym fruit)

Question 3

Define loaded language and give examples.

Answer 3

Words that carry strong connotations and can have strong emotional impact. (e.g. ‘slavery’, ‘democracy’, ‘facism’)

Question 4

Define euphemism and give examples.

Answer 4

Words or phrases which substitute mild or vague language to soften the harsh reality of a subject or event. (often used to discuss topics such as death, sex, and bodily functions, e.g. “passed away”, “slept together”)

Question 5

Define dysphemism and give examples.

Answer 5

The use of unfavourable, plain-spoken or socially taboo expressions instead of more socially acceptable ones, which often constitute offensive speaking. (e.g. “eats like a pig”, “popped his clogs”)

Question 6

(Semantic change) Define amelioration and give examples.

Answer 6

Words change meaning to become more positive over time. “Sick” is an example of amelioration, once meaning unwell, but shifting to mean cool.

Question 7

(Semantic change) Define pejoration and give examples.

Answer 7

Words change meaning to become more negative over time. “Crafty” is an example of this, once meaning clever, but now meaning dishonest.