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AQA English Language and Literature A Level > Language Levels > Flashcards

Language Levels Flashcards

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Proverbs and Idioms flashcards
1
Q

Context

A

External factors affecting text production/reception

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2
Q

Discourse event

A

Act of communication at specific time & location w/ writers/speakers and readers/listeners

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3
Q

Text producer

A

Person/people responsible (writing/speaking) for text creation

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4
Q

Text receiver

A

Person/people interpreting (reading/listening) a text

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5
Q

Multi-purpose text

A

Text with more than one clear purpose

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6
Q

Primary purpose

A

Clear, main purpose of text

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7
Q

Secondary purpose

A

Additional, subtler purpose

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8
Q

Implied reader

A

Constructed image of idealised reader

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9
Q

Actual reader

A

Any person/people engaging/interpreting a text

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10
Q

Implied writer

A

Constructed image of idealised writer

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11
Q

Actual writer

A

Actual people/person responsible for text production

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12
Q

Discourse community

A

People w/ shared interests/belief systems, interpret texts in similar ways

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13
Q

Mode

A

Physical mode of communication

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14
Q

Oppositional view

A

Different modes are completely different

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15
Q

Continuum

A

Sequence where elements close to each other are not noticeably different, but elements at opposite ends are completely different

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16
Q

Blended-mode

A

Text containing elements of speech and writing

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17
Q

Prototype model

A

Model looks at differences in texts as typical and less typical examples

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18
Q

Genre

A

Texts grouped by shared conventions

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19
Q

Intertextuality

A

Reference/borrowing of elements from other texts for specific purpose/effect

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20
Q

Variation

A

Differences associated w/ particular instances of language use and between different groups of language users

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21
Q

Register

A

Variety of language associated w/ particular situation of use

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22
Q

Situation of use

A

Specific time, place and context that communication takes place

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23
Q

Situational characteristic

A

Key characteristic of time, place and context where communication takes place

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24
Q

Representation

A

Portrayal of events, people and circumstances through language & other meaning-making resources (images/sound) to create a way of seeing the world

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25
Q

Narrative

A

Writing/speech presents a series of events, characters and places in a coherent form

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26
Q

Narrator

A

Person responsible for writing/speaking a narrative

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27
Q

Narratee

A

Person to whom the narrative is told

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28
Q

Time frame

A

Positioning of a narrative in the past, present or future

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29
Q

Story

A

Building blocks of a narrative in terms of narrative, characters, time and place

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30
Q

Narrative discourse

A

Shaping of story through choices in language & structure

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31
Q

Central events

A

Main events crucial to overall story

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32
Q

Additional events

A

Secondary events are not crucial to overall story, being included are highlighted as important

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33
Q

Knowledge frame/Embodied knowledge

A

Mental store of knowledge about world gained through experience

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34
Q

Gap-filling

A

Adding sense of meaning to individual words/phrases based on own knowledge/understanding and context in which they appear

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35
Q

Tellability

A

Features of a story making it worth telling to an audience

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36
Q

High-tellability

A

Characteristics of narratives which present interesting material in a highly engaging way

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37
Q

Low-tellability

A

Characteristics of narratives which present uninteresting material in an uninteresting way

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38
Q

Word class

A

Group of words w/ same function in speech/writing

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39
Q

Noun

A

Name of thing/concept

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40
Q

Verb

A

Shows state of being, action

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41
Q

Adjective

A

Modifies a noun

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42
Q

Adverb

A

Modifies a verb, adjective or adverb

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43
Q

Pronoun

A

Replaces a noun, referring forwards or backwards to noun which it replaces

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44
Q

Determiner

A

Adds clarity or detail to a noun

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45
Q

Preposition

A

Connections between words, shows place/time

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46
Q

Conjunction

A

Connections between larger structures: phrases, clauses and sentences

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47
Q

Open/lexical word class

A

Word class open to new membership

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48
Q

Closed/grammatical word class

A

Word class not open to new membership

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49
Q

Proper noun

A

Names of people/places

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50
Q

Abstract noun

A

States, feelings, concepts w/ no physical existence

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51
Q

Concrete noun

A

Objects w/ physical existence

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52
Q

Material verb

A

Show actions/events (hit, jump)

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53
Q

Relational verb

A

Properties/states of being (appear, become)

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54
Q

Mental verb

A

Internal processes (think, wish)

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55
Q

Verbal verb

A

External processes of communication (scream, say)

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56
Q

Base adjective

A

Base form (big, small)

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57
Q

Comparative adjective

A

Comparison between 2 things (bigger, smaller)

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58
Q

Superlative adjective

A

Comparison between >2 things (biggest, smallest)

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59
Q

Personal pronouns

A

Refer to person, number and gender (I, you, she/he/it, they)

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60
Q

Demonstrative pronouns

A

Orientate the text receiver towards object/person/idea further away (this, these, that those)

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61
Q

Indefinite pronouns

A

Non-specific person/object/idea (someone, anybody, anything)

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62
Q

Article (Determiner)

A

Show definite/indefinite (the-definite, a/an-indefinite)

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63
Q

Possessive (Determiner)

A

Show ownership (my, your, their, our)

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64
Q

Quantifier (Determiner)

A

Specific/non-specific quantities of a noun (One, two - specific; some, any, few - non-specific)

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65
Q

Co-ordinating conjunction

A

Link equal phrases/clauses (FANBOYS) for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so

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66
Q

Subordinating conjunction

A

Link dependent clauses (Because, although, while, whereas)

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67
Q

Semantic field

A

Group of words w/ same role in speech/writing (linked by theme, concept or domain of use)

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68
Q

Collocates

A

Words that go together

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69
Q

Binomial

A

Words that appear together in a specific order joined by a co-ordinating conjunction (rock and roll, fish and chips)

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70
Q

Fixed expression

A

Words that go together as a phrase and are not registered individually (see you later)

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71
Q

Synonym

A

Words w/ same meaning

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72
Q

Euphemism

A

More socially acceptable version

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73
Q

Dysphemism

A

Less socially acceptable version

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74
Q

Antonyms

A

Opposite meaning of word

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75
Q

Hyponymy

A

Structure of words from general -> specific

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76
Q

Metaphor

A

Presents one thing in terms of another (structure)

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77
Q

Morphology

A

Study of word formation

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78
Q

Syntax

A

Study of how words form longer structures such as phrases, clauses and sentences

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79
Q

Descriptive approach

A

Approach to language study that focuses on how language is ACTUALLY used

80
Q

Prescriptive approach

A

Approach to language study that focuses on how language SHOULD be used

81
Q

Root

A

Morpheme that can stand on its own and can usually form a word in its own right

82
Q

Suffix

A

Morpheme AFTER a root word to modify meaning

83
Q

Prefix

A

Morpheme BEFORE a root word to modify meaning

84
Q

Affix

A

Overall term for addition to a root word to modify meaning

85
Q

Infix

A

Affix inserted INSIDE a word to create a new word/modify meaning

86
Q

Inflectional function

A

Affix that shows a grammatical category: verb tense or plural noun

87
Q

Derivational function

A

Affix helps form a new word: changes meaning

88
Q

Noun phrase

A

A noun and determiner, but also including a qualifier and pre-modifying adjective

89
Q

Verb phrase

A

Containing a head verb and object, but forming a full phrase with subject, also counts as a sentence

90
Q

Head word

A

Main word of the phrase

91
Q

Pre-modifier

A

Word BEFORE the head word to add detail

92
Q

Qualifier

A

Additional words/phrases to add detail to head word

93
Q

Post-modifier

A

Additional words/phrases to add detail to head word

94
Q

Primary auxiliary verb

A

Verb which joins with the head verb to show tense

95
Q

Modal auxiliary verb

A

Verb which joins w/ head verb to show strength of commitment

96
Q

Clause

A

Group of words around a verb phrase

97
Q

Single clause sentence

A

Sentence with only one clause

98
Q

Multiple-clause sentence

A

Sentence w/ 2 or more clauses

99
Q

Subject

A

Person/thing which is doing or being whatever the verb shows, takes the form of a noun, pronoun or noun phrase
Occurs immediately BEFORE the verb it relates to
Is repeated in a tag question
Changes place with the auxiliary verb to form a question

100
Q

Predicate

A

Describes subject in a sentence

101
Q

Coordination

A

Joining of two clauses which makes them equal

102
Q

Subordination

A

Joining of two clauses which makes one dependent on the other

103
Q

Adverbial clause

A

Subordinate clause functioning as adverb

104
Q

Noun clause

A

Subordinate clause functioning as subject

105
Q

Active voice

A

Verb phrase in present/past tense, agent in subject position for emphasis

106
Q

Passive voice

A

Agent omitted or placed later in clause using prepositional phrase

107
Q

Minor sentence

A

Lacks one or more clause elements, intensify phrase similar to short simple sentences.

108
Q

Simple sentence

A

Single-clause sentence. Shorter used to simplify, build tension, add drama and/or precision

109
Q

Compound sentence

A

2+ simple sentences joined w/ co-ordinating conjunction, equal weighting and makes sense on its own, pronouns referring to earlier sentences does not take effect here.

110
Q

Complex sentence

A

One main clause and 1+ subordinate clauses. More attention required for lesser subordinate clauses, serious, informative tone due to detail

111
Q

Exclamatory sentence function

A

Ends with “!” and expresses shock, horror, surprise, joy, anger (emotions in writing)

112
Q

Declarative sentence function

A

Declarations or statements, dominant sentence function and used to relate facts or opinions

113
Q

Imperative sentence function

A

Usual to begin w/ verb, used to advise/warn/instruct

114
Q

Interrogative sentence function

A

Reader and/or writer considering question posed. Shows confusion/inquisitiveness of a character. Used to make the reader stop, pause and consider so controls pace of reading

115
Q

Asyndetic list

A

Listing w/o conjunctions. Emphasise point through cumulative effect, sense of urgency

116
Q

Syndetic list

A

Listing w/ conjunctions. Convey abundance, emphasise point through cumulative effect

117
Q

Parallelism

A

Phrases/sentences have similar structure/pattern. Rhythmic device for rhetoric to make phrases memorable. Sense of balance, wholeness

118
Q

Ellipsis

A

Omission of part of sentence that can be understood from context, also avoids unnecessary repetition or create suspense

119
Q

Foregrounding

A

Change in structure of sentence, place emphasis on opening sentence element, reader’s attention directed to foregrounded phrase.

120
Q

Phonetics

A

Study of ways sounds produced by language users

121
Q

Phonology

A

Study of abstract sound system

122
Q

Prosodics

A

Meaning created through intonation, speed and volume.

123
Q

IPA

A

International Phonetic Alphabet

Shows different sounds possible

124
Q

Heterophones

A

Same spelling, different pronunciations/meanings

125
Q

Homophones

A

Same pronunciations, different spelling/meaning

126
Q

Articulators

A

Vocal organs above larynx including teeth, lips, tongue and hard palate, help form consonant sounds

127
Q

Plosive

A

Complete closure of oral cavity

128
Q

Fricative

A

Articulators positioned together but small space for air to escape

129
Q

Affricate

A

Articulators come together, released like fricative

130
Q

Nasal

A

Articulators stopping airflow with a release through the nose

131
Q

Lateral

A

Articulators come together, air released over sides of tongue

132
Q

Approximant

A

Articulators fully come together

133
Q

Diphthong

A

Combination of two separate vowel sounds, moves from one to the other

134
Q

Sound iconicity

A

Matching of sound to meaning

135
Q

Consonance

A

Repeated consonant sounds for effect

136
Q

Assonance

A

Repeated vowel sounds for effect

137
Q

Sibilance

A

Repeated fricative sounds, especially s for effect

138
Q

Lexical onomatopoeia

A

Words with associations between sound and meaning

139
Q

Non-lexical onomatopoeia

A

Non-words signifying some meaning through their sounds

140
Q

Phonological manipulation

A

Creative changes in sound patterns

141
Q

Minimal pair

A

Two words that differ in only one sound “habit” and “hobbit”

142
Q

Layout

A

Physical organisation of a text

143
Q

Iconic

A

Sign/image which is direct representation

144
Q

Symbolic

A

Sign/image which is NOT direct representation, shared knowledge required.

145
Q

Typographical feature

A

Feature related to use of fonts in texts

146
Q

Multimodal text

A

Uses different modes (visual, written, aural)

147
Q

Embodied knowledge

A

Knowledge gained from EXPERIENCE of a concept/object

148
Q

Schematic knowledge

A

Knowledge gained through READING/LEARNING about a concept/object

149
Q

Co-text

A

Words which help reader to understand what is relevant about a concept/object

150
Q

Maxim of quantity

A

Don’t say too little/too much

151
Q

Maxim of quality

A

Tell the truth

152
Q

Maxim of relevance

A

Keep on topic

153
Q

Maxim of manner

A

Clear/unambiguous

154
Q

Co-operative principle

A

Communication = co-operation

155
Q

Conservational maxims

A

Explicit rules followed by conversationalists to easily understand each other

156
Q

Implicature

A

Maxim potentially broken so inference needed to understand

157
Q

Taciturn

A

Speaker says too little, reserved or uncommunicative speech

158
Q

Prolix

A

Lengthy speech/writing too many words

159
Q

Non-sequitir

A

Conclusion/statement does not logically follow on from previous statement/question

160
Q

Positive face need

A

Need to be appreciated/valued

161
Q

Negative face need

A

Need for independence

162
Q

Face threatening act (FTA)

A

Act w/ potential to damage self-esteem (postive/negative face)

163
Q

Politeness strategies

A

Avoiding threatening face

164
Q

Deixis

A

Words related to specific context (place, time, person)

165
Q

Person deixis

A

Names/personal pronouns

166
Q

Temporal deixis

A

Time adverbs (today, yesterday, tomorrow)

167
Q

Spatial deixis

A

Place adverbs (this, that, here, there)

168
Q

Proximal deixis`

A

Related to objects close to the speaker

169
Q

Distal deixis

A

Related to objects far away from the speaker

170
Q

Deitic categories

A

Types of deitic expressions (spatial, temporal, personal)

171
Q

Internal evaluation

A

Attitude expression occurring in the time frame of the narrative

172
Q

External evaluation

A

Attitude expression occurring outside the time frame of the narrative

173
Q

Turn-taking

A

Process of speakers co-constructing a conversation

174
Q

Adjacency pair

A

Two turns in a conversation

175
Q

Preferred response

A

2nd part of an adjacency pair that the first speaker wants to hear

176
Q

Dispreferred response

A

2nd part of an adjacency pair that the first speaker doesn’t want to hear

177
Q

Insertion sequence

A

An additional sequence within an adjacency pair

178
Q

Exchange structure

A

Sequence of turns between speakers

179
Q

Transition relevance place

A

Natural place that another speaker begins speaking

180
Q

Constraint

A

Effect of a more powerful speaker over another

181
Q

Abstract (Labov)

A

Indication a speaker wants to start a conversation

182
Q

Orientation (Labov)

A

Who, what, where and why of a situation - sets scene, important info according to speaker

183
Q

Complicating action (Labov)

A

Main body of narrative

184
Q

Resolution (Labov)

A

Ending of narrative - closure

185
Q

Coda

A

Signal end of narrative

186
Q

Story preface (Goodwin)

A

Abstract (Labov)

187
Q

Story solicit (Goodwin)

A

Encouragement of another speaker for first speaker to continue

188
Q

Preliminary (Goodwin)

A

Orientation (Labov)

189
Q

Story body (Goodwin)

A

Complicating action (Labov)

190
Q

Story climax (Goodwin)

A

Resolution (Labov)

191
Q

Story appreciation

A

Sounds of response from audience (laughter, agreement, questions, emotional displays)

192
Q

Parenthesis

A

Additional background info

193
Q

Filler

A

Non-verbal sound - uncertainty

194
Q

False start

A

Speaker starts, stops and starts again

195
Q

Repair

A

Speaker changes something they’ve said before

196
Q

Skip-connector

A

Return to previous topic in conversation

197
Q

Speaker support

A

Story appreciation (Goodwin) but only non-verbal sounds.

AQA English Language and Literature A Level (5 decks)

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