Language Issues Theories

Question 1

Politeness Theory - Theorists

Answer 1

Brown & Levinson
‘People have a universal desire to be treated with politeness.’
FACE HYPOTHESIS

Question 2

Politeness Theory - Positive face

Answer 2

The desire to remain respecting and admired by others

✩Flattery & compliments
✩Essentially acts to ‘cheer up’ the individual involved
✩Showing sympathy

Question 3

Politeness Theory - Negative face

Answer 3

When we try to have the smallest impact on other’s choices as possible

✩wary of upsetting people
✩Hedging - Completely avoids controversial topics as not to cause offence

Question 4

Politeness Theory - Face definition

Answer 4

GOVERNS OUR POLITENESS
- Changes in different social situations

Question 5

Politeness Principle - Theorist

Answer 5

Lakoff
Conversational interaction is governed by such politeness principle

Question 6

Politeness Principle - 3 Principles

Answer 6

Don’t impose
Give options
Make your reader feel good

Question 7

Grice’s Maxims

Answer 7

Maxim - rule or regulation

Breaking Maxims - Unintentional
Flouting Maxims - Having little regard for the maxims

Question 8

Grice’s 4 Maxims

Answer 8

Manner
Relevance
Quantity
Quality

Question 9

Maxim of Manner

Answer 9

Be clear and unambiguous

Question 10

Maxim of Relevance

Answer 10

Stay relevant with your language (don’t go off topic)

Question 11

Maxim of Quantity

Answer 11

Don’t say too much or too little

Question 12

Maxim of Quality

Answer 12

Always tell the truth (or what you believe to be true

Question 13

Communication Accommodation Theory - Theorist

Answer 13

Giles

Question 14

Communication Accommodation Theory

Answer 14

When a speaker will naturally adapt their language to accommodate those they’re speaking to

Considered polite to accommodate for who we’re speaking to

Question 15

Assertions - Theorist

Answer 15

Fairclough
[when opinions are stated as facts]

Question 16

Assertions - 8 Types

Answer 16

Basic / Empathetic / Escalating / Confrontive / I-language / Positive / Fogging

Question 17

Basic Assertion

Answer 17

Stating opinion as fact

Question 18

Empathetic Assertion

Answer 18

Recognition of other person’s situation or feelings followed by another statement standing up for speaker’s rights

Question 19

Escalating Assertion

Answer 19

Start with a “minimal” assertive response… Other fails to respond… Gradually escalate the assertion. Increasingly firm without being aggressive

Question 20

Confrontive Assertion

Answer 20

Describe what was to be done… Describe what actually occurred… Express what you want

Question 21

I-Language Assertion

Answer 21

Description of behaviour, how it’s affecting you, describe your feelings, describe your desire:

Question 22

Positive Assertion

Answer 22

Expressing positive feelings about yourself or someone else

Question 23

Repeated Assertion

Answer 23

Opposite of escalation. Simple, calm, repetition–saying what you want over and over again, rote repetition

Question 24

Fogging Assertion

Answer 24

Acknowledging possibility of truth to what other person is saying–agreeing in concept but not necessarily in fact