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Praxis 5038 > Language (Grammar and Sentence Structure) > Flashcards

Language (Grammar and Sentence Structure) Flashcards

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1
Q

Grammar

A

The structures and systems that make up a language.

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2
Q

Prescriptivism (Grammar thought)

A

Encourage grammatically correct usage and adheres to strict language rules.

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3
Q

Descriptivism (Grammar thought)

A

Believe language should be taught in a way that mirrors how it is used daily based on culture.

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4
Q

Personal Pronoun

A

Act as the subject or the object.

The person doing the verb or The Who/what the verb I done too.

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5
Q

Possessive Pronouns

A

Indicate possession.

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6
Q

Reflexive/Intensive Pronouns

A

Intensify a noun or reflect back upon the noun. End with “self”

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7
Q

Relative Pronouns

A

Begins dependent clauses. References person or thing when renaming it or giving additional information in the sentence.

That, which, whom, whose, who

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8
Q

Interrogative Pronouns

A

Begin questions by asking for information about someone or something.

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9
Q

Demonstrative Pronouns

A

Point out or draw attention. They can indicate proximity or distance.

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10
Q

Indefinite Pronouns

A

Basic pronouns that replace a noun to avoid repetition.

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11
Q

Indicative Verb

A

Verbs that state facts. Usually written as a phrase

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12
Q

Subjunctive Verb

A

Make a wishful statement or speculates something.

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13
Q

Conditional Verbs

A

Something has to happen in order for the other thing to happen. It’s a condition.

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14
Q

Imperative Verbs

A

Give a command

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15
Q

Verb Tenses

A

Indicates the time of the action. Past, present, future.

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16
Q

Linking Verbs

A

Connects the subject to the subject complement.

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17
Q

Subject Complement

A

Adjective, noun, or pronoun that renames or describes the verb.

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18
Q

Helping Verbs

A

Verbs that extend another verb’s meaning.

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19
Q

Transitive Verbs

A

Take an object. Lay, raise, set.

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20
Q

Present Participle

A

When a verb ends in -ing and is used to show an action is continuing.

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21
Q

Simple Past Tense

A

The action has already happened.

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22
Q

Past Continuous Tense

A

We use this to refer to something in the past that has already happened, but as though it were still happening (usually in the context of another event).

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23
Q

Past Perfect Tense

A

We usually use this to talk about events that have already been completed before a specified time or another event.

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24
Q

Past Perfect Continuous

A

Verb form that refers to an action that was still happening until another event occurred.

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25
Q

Subordinating Conjunctions

A

Join independent clauses.

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26
Q

Correlative Conjunctions

A

Connecting words that come in pairs and both have to be used in the sentence.

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27
Q

Prepositions

A

Show relationship in time or space. Detail location.

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28
Q

Coordinating Conjunctions

A

Connect words, phrases, and clauses. For, and, nor, but, or, yet, so.

29
Q

Syntax

A

Study of how words are combined to create sentences.

30
Q

Phrase

A

A group of words that communicates a partial idea, but is missing a subject or predicate.

31
Q

Predicate

A

Contains a verb and says something about the subject.. it tells what the subject does.

32
Q

Prepositional Phrase

A

Begins with a preposition and explains relationship in time and space including when and where.

33
Q

Verb Phrase

A

Phrase made up of the main verb and helping verbs. “The chef WOULD HAVE CREATED another cake…”

34
Q

Noun Phrase

A

Phrase that includes a noun and its modifiers.

“THE BIG, RED BARN rests beside THE VACANT CHICKEN COOP.”

35
Q

Appositive Phrases

A

Renames a word or a group of words that precedes them.

36
Q

Gerund Phrase

A

Begin with a verb that’s acting like a noun.

37
Q

Participle Phrase

A

Phrase that acts like an adjective. It can be removed from the sentence and the sentence will still make sense.

38
Q

Infinitive Phrase

A

Begins with “to-VERB”. Acts like noun, adjective, or adverb.

39
Q

Absolute Phrase

A

Noun + participle. Usually answers the question “under what conditions?”

40
Q

Clauses

A

Contain a subject and a verb. Independent or dependent clause.

41
Q

Dependent Clause

A

Can’t stand alone. Also called subordinate clauses.

42
Q

Adverb Clause

A

Type of Dependent Clause. They modify independent clauses by answering adverb questions.

43
Q

Noun Clauses

A

Acts like a noun and takes the place of the subject, object of the preposition, or direct object.

44
Q

Adjective Clauses

A

Provide more information about the noun or pronoun in the sentence. They always follow it.

Usually start with relative pronouns and adverbs.

45
Q

Simple Sentence

A

Basic sentence with one subject and one predicate (verb and says something about the subject.)

46
Q

Compound Sentence

A

Two or more simple sentences joined together with a conjunction.

47
Q

Complex Sentence

A

A simple sentence with a dependent clause added to it.

48
Q

Compound-Complex Sentences

A

A sentence with at least two independent clauses and one dependent clause.

49
Q

Present Progressive Tense

A

Indicates something that is happening now and uses the “to be” helping verb.

50
Q

Future Tense

A

Indicates something that will happen later.

Subject + shall/will + verb.

51
Q

Present Perfect Tense

A

Indicates the action has been completed or that the action extends to the present.

Present Tense + Past Participle of the verb.

52
Q

Past Progressive Tense

A

Indicates action that happened in the past but with an -ing ending verb.

“To Be” verb in past tense + the present participle _-ing ending)

53
Q

Use of a semi-colon

A

Show relationship between two independent clauses. Usually uses a conjunctive adverb

54
Q

Use of a colon

A

Shows relationship between two clauses while highlighting the info in the second clause. Used with lists, definition, or clarifications.

55
Q

Usage Conventions

A

Govern word choice and order.

56
Q

Progressive Tense

A

Indicates continuing action or an action in progress

57
Q

Sentence Fragment

A

When a group of words does not have a subject and a verb. Doesn’t express a complete thought.

58
Q

Comma Splice

A

When two independent clauses are connected by just a comma. (missing conjunction).

59
Q

Run on sentences

A

When two independent clauses are put together without punctuation.

60
Q

Affixes

A

Prefixes and suffixes of words.

61
Q

Denotation

A

A word’s dictionary definition.

62
Q

Connotation

A

A word’s implied meaning.

63
Q

Sociolinguistics

A

Study of language and it’s relationship with culture and society.

64
Q

Pidgin

A

A grammatically simplified language that combines elements of multiple languages. Created out of necessity to communicate.

65
Q

Register (language)

A

Understanding the level of formalness needed, differences in setting, appropriate context, etc.

66
Q

Cognate

A

Words that have the same root word.

67
Q

Apposition

A

When two noun phrases are next to each other and one identifies the other in a different way.

Rudolph the red-nosed reindeer.”

68
Q

Euphony

A

Words that sound pleasant

Praxis 5038 (4 decks)

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