Language Files 6.0

Question 1

Semantics

Answer 1

The study of linguistic meaning.

Question 2

lexical semantics

Answer 2

A subfield of semantics that studies meanings of lexical expressions.

Question 3

compositional semantics

Answer 3

A subfield of semantics that studies the meanings of phrasal expressions, and how those meanings arise given the meanings of the lexical expressions they contain and how they are syntactically combined

Question 4

sense

Answer 4

A mental representation of an expression’s meaning.

Question 5

reference

Answer 5

A component of linguistic meaning that relates the sense of some expression to entities in the outside world. The collection of all the referents of an expression.

Question 6

referents

Answer 6

An actual entity or an individual in the world to which some expression refers.

Question 7

mental image

Answer 7

A conception of a word’s sense as a picture in the mind of the language user that represents its meaning.

Question 8

hyponymy

Answer 8

A meaning relationship between words, where the reference of some word X is included in the reference of some other word Y. X is then said to be a hyponym of Y, and conversely, Y is said to be a hypernym of X.

Question 9

hypernym

Answer 9

see hyponymy

Question 10

synonymy

Answer 10

A meaning relationship between words where their reference is exactly the same. For example, couch and sofa are synonyms.

Question 11

antonymy

Answer 11

A meaning relationship between words where their meanings are in some sense opposite.

Question 12

complementary antonymy

Answer 12

Pair of antonyms such that everything must be de scribed by the first word, the second word, or neither; and such that saying of something that it is not a member of the set denoted by the first word implicates that it is in the set denoted by the second word.

Question 13

gradable

Answer 13

Words that are antonyms and denote opposite ends of a scale. (Also known as gradable pairs and as scalar antonyms.

Question 14

reverses

Answer 14

Antonyms in which one word in the pair suggests movement that “undoes” the movement suggested by the other.

Question 15

converses

Answer 15

Antonyms in which the first word of the pair suggests a point of view opposite to that of the second word.

Question 16

proposition

Answer 16

The sense expressed by a sentence. Characteristically, propositions can be true or false, i.e. have truth values.

Question 17

truth value

Answer 17

Either true or false. The reference of a sentence.

Question 18

truth conditions

Answer 18

The set of conditions that would have to hold in the world in order for the proposition expressed by some sentence to be true.

Question 19

entailment

Answer 19

A relationship between propositions where a proposition p is said to entail another proposition q just in case if pi s true, q has to be true as well.

Question 20

mutual entailment

Answer 20

The relationship between two propositions where they entail one another.

Question 21

incompatible

Answer 21

The relationship between two propositions where it is impossible for both of them to be true simultaneously.

Question 22

principle of compositionality

Answer 22

The notion that the meaning of a phrasal expression is predictable from the meanings of the expressions it contains and how they were syntactically combined.

Question 23

compositional

Answer 23

The meaning of a phrasal expression that is predictable from the meanings of smaller expressions it contains and how they are syntactically combined.

Question 24

pure intersection

Answer 24

The relationship between the reference of an adjective and a noun it modifies such that each picks out a particular group of things, and the reference of the resulting phrase is all of the things that are in both the reference set of the adjective and the reference set of the noun.

Question 25

intersective adjectives

Answer 25

An adjective whose reference is determined independently from the reference of the noun that it modifies.

Question 26

relative intersection

Answer 26

Type of relationship between adjective and noun reference where the reference of the adjective is determined relative to the noun reference.

Question 27

subjective adjectives

Answer 27

Adjectives whose reference is included in the set of things that the noun they modify refers to.

Question 28

non intersection

Answer 28

An adjective whose reference is a subset of the set that the noun it modifies refers to, but that does not, in and of itself, refer to any particular set of things.

Question 29

anti-intersection adjectives

Answer 29

An adjective whose referents are not in the set referred to by the noun that it modifies.

Question 30

idiom

Answer 30

A multi-word lexical expression whose meaning is not compositional.