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Language Diversity Flashcards

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Proverbs and Idioms flashcards
1
Q

Lakoff

A

Dominance model
Marked terms - adding diminuative suffix ‘hostess’ ‘waitress’
Women’s language is weaker

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2
Q

Semantic derogation

A

Meanings of words change
Spinster connotations

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3
Q

O Barr snd Atkins

A

Deficit model
Place/ setting specific
Rather than gendered language
Men use deficit language features in courtrooms

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4
Q

Tannen

A

Difference model
Male talk is report-orientated
Reports facts
Female talk is rapport-orientated
To maintain friendships

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5
Q

Spender

A

Dominance model
Male as norm
Women are extensions of men
Mr and mrs

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6
Q

Anna w

A

Article states that ‘language has no mind or agenda ’

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7
Q

Keith and shuttleworth

A

Women talk more than men
Women ask more questions and complain more
Men dominate and swear more
Specific genderlect

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8
Q

Stephen moss The Guradian article

A

Do women really talk more ?
States it’s a myth that science shows anything different between a man and woman’s brain
Stereotypes permeate our culture

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9
Q

Deborah Cameron

A

Speak up I can’t hear you article
Assuming men can get away with things due to society have a shared understanding of then inferring differently to women
Lack of communication
Creating issues with allowing men to own up to consequences

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10
Q

Men and mental health

A

Data shows that 40% of men won’t talk about their mental health because of social standards

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11
Q

Zimmerman and west

A

Men interrupt more

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12
Q

Naomi wolf article about vocal fry

A

Women represented as less worthy
They’re using colloquial language that creates a less educated representation

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13
Q

Indignant

A

Serious tone

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14
Q

Hedging

A

‘Sort of’

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15
Q

Back channelling

A

Yeah, ummhummm

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16
Q

Tag questions

A

It’s fun, isnt it?

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17
Q

Meritocracy

A

Praised for achievements rather than background eg accent and ethnicity

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18
Q

Direct and indirect language

A

Tannen
Order vs proposal theory
Women sugesting
Men commanding

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19
Q

Folk linguistics

A

Attitudes and assumptions about the way men and women talk
Proverbs used such as mother tongue
Historically English has always jumped to favour men

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20
Q

Semantic deterioration

A

Negative connotations become attached
Mistress

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21
Q

MLE

A

Jafaican
Convergence used amongst teens
Teen speak
The guardian article in favour of MLE states that it helps people’s tolerance and acceptance of other accents. It’s a unique blend enriching language.

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22
Q

Labov study

A

Martha’s Vineyard
Convergence to older members of island
Younger workers wanted to diverge from the tourists language
Using a different vowel pronunciation to fit in

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23
Q

American English

A

Using rhotic sounds
Lexical use of ‘fall’
Grammatical use of ‘t’ for past tense not ‘ed’

24
Q

South African English

A

Use different lexis such as ‘robot’ for traffic light

25
Q

David Crystal and global English

A

Englishes plural
We have adapted languages ourselves
400 mill speakers globally
‘Loan words’ borrowed from other countries

26
Q

Global English

A

The idea of English as a wold language suggests only one form of

27
Q

Braj kachni

A

Diagram to show native and second language users
Can suggest privilege to native speakers being self centred in the circle

28
Q

Jenifer Jenkins

A

Code switching
Changing dialect around different people

29
Q

Simon Jenkins

A

Accent is the diversity of the human market

30
Q

Lance workman

A

Outdated stereotypes
Yorkshire accent is now associated with trustworthiness
No clear correlation between accent and ability

31
Q

Giles

A

Found speakers of RP were judged as unfriendly and unsociable
As well and intelligent and trustworthy

32
Q

Stereotypes of accents

A

Geordie accent is dumb
Somerset are all farmers
Scouse sing song
Brummie is negative (flat vowel use)

33
Q

Non standard accent stigma

A

In workplace you are considered less educated although could have better abilities than someone with standard RP.

34
Q

Second language speakers

A

Educated and impressive learning new language
However you have an accent so are considered less educated.
Stigma created

35
Q

Idiolect

A

Individual way of speaking to stand out. Uniqueness

36
Q

Regional accents

A

In the Uk

37
Q

Non standard accents in school

A

Can create miscommunication if for example Scottish isn’t ur accent.

38
Q

Importance of accents

A

Place of belonging
Similar with MLE

39
Q

Overt prestige

A

Purposely sounding a certain way

40
Q

Slang usage

A

Can cause bullying
Affects written work
Used for convergence
Gang culture
Less prestigious in future jobs
Individuality and is social nature

41
Q

Outdated stereotypes reinforce the class ceiling
Lance workman

A

There is no clear correlation between an individuals accent and their ability

42
Q

Liberman

A

Stereotypes permeate our culture
Science shows that there’s no difference with out brains
Experiences exaggerated over time

43
Q

Dan Clayton

A

Interviews people who have many prejudice views on people using slang
‘Filling out benefit form’
Comparing language use to social status and ability to

44
Q

Eckert

A

Jocks and burnouts
Jocks used standard forms
Burnouts used non standard forms
Showed those in the same social groups spoke similarly

45
Q

Eckert

A

Jocks and burnouts
Jocks used standard forms
Burnouts used non standard forms
Showed those in the same social groups spoke similarly

46
Q

Trudgill

A

The higher the social class the lower number of non standard forms

47
Q

Spolsky

A

Not knowing jargon makes you feel you don’t belong

48
Q

Brown and levinson

A

Politeness strategies
Positive face - feel valued
Negative face - offended
Face threatening acts

49
Q

Fairclough

A

Power in discourse
The ways it’s manifested in situations through language
Power behind discourse
Social and ideological reasons and the message

50
Q

Cingle and sundar

A

Text language links to lack of grammar and understanding

51
Q

Discourse theory in occupation

A

How people speak
Eg field of law is associated with prestige and rich men
Formal tone
Grammar- use of doublets eg fit and proper
Anaphoric references

52
Q

Swales

A

Coined term Discourse communities groups of people with a common goal and need language to communicate

53
Q

Hornyak

A

Work place conversations initiated by person with the most power
Political power
Occupational power
Individual power

54
Q

Kahn

A

Ethnicity influences people’s language

55
Q

Koester

A

Workplaces use phatic talk and adjacency pairs to fulfill a social function and create relationships

56
Q

Kerswill

A

Process called ‘dialect levelling’
Accents and dialects are becoming more similar
Reasons to encourage regional variation

English Language (3 decks)

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