Language Diversity Flashcards
Lakoff
Dominance model
Marked terms - adding diminuative suffix ‘hostess’ ‘waitress’
Women’s language is weaker
Semantic derogation
Meanings of words change
Spinster connotations
O Barr snd Atkins
Deficit model
Place/ setting specific
Rather than gendered language
Men use deficit language features in courtrooms
Tannen
Difference model
Male talk is report-orientated
Reports facts
Female talk is rapport-orientated
To maintain friendships
Spender
Dominance model
Male as norm
Women are extensions of men
Mr and mrs
Anna w
Article states that ‘language has no mind or agenda ’
Keith and shuttleworth
Women talk more than men
Women ask more questions and complain more
Men dominate and swear more
Specific genderlect
Stephen moss The Guradian article
Do women really talk more ?
States it’s a myth that science shows anything different between a man and woman’s brain
Stereotypes permeate our culture
Deborah Cameron
Speak up I can’t hear you article
Assuming men can get away with things due to society have a shared understanding of then inferring differently to women
Lack of communication
Creating issues with allowing men to own up to consequences
Men and mental health
Data shows that 40% of men won’t talk about their mental health because of social standards
Zimmerman and west
Men interrupt more
Naomi wolf article about vocal fry
Women represented as less worthy
They’re using colloquial language that creates a less educated representation
Indignant
Serious tone
Hedging
‘Sort of’
Back channelling
Yeah, ummhummm
Tag questions
It’s fun, isnt it?
Meritocracy
Praised for achievements rather than background eg accent and ethnicity
Direct and indirect language
Tannen
Order vs proposal theory
Women sugesting
Men commanding
Folk linguistics
Attitudes and assumptions about the way men and women talk
Proverbs used such as mother tongue
Historically English has always jumped to favour men
Semantic deterioration
Negative connotations become attached
Mistress
MLE
Jafaican
Convergence used amongst teens
Teen speak
The guardian article in favour of MLE states that it helps people’s tolerance and acceptance of other accents. It’s a unique blend enriching language.
Labov study
Martha’s Vineyard
Convergence to older members of island
Younger workers wanted to diverge from the tourists language
Using a different vowel pronunciation to fit in
American English
Using rhotic sounds
Lexical use of ‘fall’
Grammatical use of ‘t’ for past tense not ‘ed’
South African English
Use different lexis such as ‘robot’ for traffic light
David Crystal and global English
Englishes plural
We have adapted languages ourselves
400 mill speakers globally
‘Loan words’ borrowed from other countries
Global English
The idea of English as a wold language suggests only one form of
Braj kachni
Diagram to show native and second language users
Can suggest privilege to native speakers being self centred in the circle
Jenifer Jenkins
Code switching
Changing dialect around different people
Simon Jenkins
Accent is the diversity of the human market
Lance workman
Outdated stereotypes
Yorkshire accent is now associated with trustworthiness
No clear correlation between accent and ability
Giles
Found speakers of RP were judged as unfriendly and unsociable
As well and intelligent and trustworthy
Stereotypes of accents
Geordie accent is dumb
Somerset are all farmers
Scouse sing song
Brummie is negative (flat vowel use)
Non standard accent stigma
In workplace you are considered less educated although could have better abilities than someone with standard RP.
Second language speakers
Educated and impressive learning new language
However you have an accent so are considered less educated.
Stigma created
Idiolect
Individual way of speaking to stand out. Uniqueness
Regional accents
In the Uk
Non standard accents in school
Can create miscommunication if for example Scottish isn’t ur accent.
Importance of accents
Place of belonging
Similar with MLE
Overt prestige
Purposely sounding a certain way
Slang usage
Can cause bullying
Affects written work
Used for convergence
Gang culture
Less prestigious in future jobs
Individuality and is social nature
Outdated stereotypes reinforce the class ceiling
Lance workman
There is no clear correlation between an individuals accent and their ability
Liberman
Stereotypes permeate our culture
Science shows that there’s no difference with out brains
Experiences exaggerated over time
Dan Clayton
Interviews people who have many prejudice views on people using slang
‘Filling out benefit form’
Comparing language use to social status and ability to
Eckert
Jocks and burnouts
Jocks used standard forms
Burnouts used non standard forms
Showed those in the same social groups spoke similarly
Eckert
Jocks and burnouts
Jocks used standard forms
Burnouts used non standard forms
Showed those in the same social groups spoke similarly
Trudgill
The higher the social class the lower number of non standard forms
Spolsky
Not knowing jargon makes you feel you don’t belong
Brown and levinson
Politeness strategies
Positive face - feel valued
Negative face - offended
Face threatening acts
Fairclough
Power in discourse
The ways it’s manifested in situations through language
Power behind discourse
Social and ideological reasons and the message
Cingle and sundar
Text language links to lack of grammar and understanding
Discourse theory in occupation
How people speak
Eg field of law is associated with prestige and rich men
Formal tone
Grammar- use of doublets eg fit and proper
Anaphoric references
Swales
Coined term Discourse communities groups of people with a common goal and need language to communicate
Hornyak
Work place conversations initiated by person with the most power
Political power
Occupational power
Individual power
Kahn
Ethnicity influences people’s language
Koester
Workplaces use phatic talk and adjacency pairs to fulfill a social function and create relationships
Kerswill
Process called ‘dialect levelling’
Accents and dialects are becoming more similar
Reasons to encourage regional variation
