LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT OF CHILDREN PRENATALLY EXPOSED TO DRUGS AND/OR ALCOHOL; IMPACT OF AIDS Flashcards
What type of group of children are heterogeneous?
Children with prenatal drug and/or alcohol exposure (PDAE) are a very heterogeneous group
What is Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD)?
involves damage to an unborn baby due to the mothers alcohol consumption during pregnancy
A Child who has Fetal Alcohol Effects (FAE) has similar problems to who?
The child who has Fetal Alcohol Effects (FAE) has problems similar to those of a child with FASD, but to a lesser degree
Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD) is the leading cause of what?
- is the leading cause of intellectual disability in the Western World
- entirely preventable
FASD accounts for what?
accounts for 1 in every 500-600 births in the US
Studies show how many drinks a day can cause effects on children? and what are those effects?
There are studies linking an average of 1-2 drinks a day during pregnancy to low birthweight, growth abnormalities, and behavioral problems in newborns
How much nationally does it cost for treatment of FAS babies?
$14.9 million for treatment of FAS babies
How much nationally does it cost for treatment of FAS children under 18?
$670 million total treatment costs for FAS children under 18
How much nationally does it cost for lifetime care for ONE child born with FAS?
Lifetime care for ONE child born with FAS is $2.62 million
What is the first trimester of pregnancy?
period of brain growth, organ and limb formation
Embryo is mostly susceptible to what?
Embryo most susceptible to alcohol from weeks#2-8 after conception
what does new research show about women who drink on the first week of conception?
New research: if a woman drinks during the first week after conception, there can be negative effects
what happens when a Child is exposed to alcohol in uttero?
Ch. Exposed to alcohol in uttero double jeopardy
Damage done before birth
what can happen when a child is born to a drunk or high parent?
After ch is born, drunk, or high parent many no respond appropriately, ignoring or abusing the ch
what was the data on 15,000 newborns relating to the fathers drinking and smoking habits?
In one review of data on nearly 15,000 newborns, scientists concluded that a father’s drinking and smoking habits can increase his child’s risk of birth defects, ranging from cleft palate to hydrocephalus
What happens to a baby when exposure to job chemicals?
Ongoing exposure to job chemicals can predispose a man’s baby to low birthweight and birth defects
What happens to male smokers that father children?
Male smokers double their chances of fathering babies with problems like hydrocephalus
what is recommended for men?
Recommended: men abstain from smoking, drinking for 5-6 months before ch conceived
what are the 17 characteristics of children with FASD?
- small head- microcephaly
- pre and post natal growth problems; low birth weight and length
- central nervous system dysfunction -> delayed motor development, mild-profound intellectual disability, learning disabilities.
- ADHD (hyperactive)
- Abnormal craniofacial features (skull and face); small eyes, strabismus: ( one eye looks straight, other look away), nystagmus :( pupils of eyes quiver like jelly 24/7)
- malformations of major organ system, esp. heart
- behavior problems;defiance
- Swallowing problems
- learning and school problems, esp. reading and writing
- speech problems- articulation disorder, oral motor coordination problems.
- Poor Play, and social skills
- Cognitive problems–difficulties with memory and reasoning.
- language delays- comprehension and expression
- hearing issues– OME (otitis media with effusion, middle ear infection/fluid) and/or sensorineural hearing loss
- Auditory processing problem
- sleep disturbances ( hard on caregivers)
- the eyes may be set wide apart
What did Olswang, Svensson, & Astley (2011). Observation of classroom social communication of FASD children examine?
Examined social classroom skills of typically developing (TD) and Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD) students
12 pairs of ch observed in classrooms 20 minutes a day for 4 days across 2 weeks
what did Olswang et. al. found?
Ch. w/ FASD not as prosocial as TD peers
Ch. w/ FASD – increased occurrences of passive/ disengaged and irrelevant behavior that TD peers
thus, we may need to do what with a FASD student?
Help FASD student be more engaged and social in class room settings Increase teacher awareness
what does the national institute on Drug Abuse estimate?
The National Institute on Drug Abuse estimates that 5.5% of women use some illicit drug during pregnancy
Which are the drugs that do the most serious damage to a developing fetus?
Drugs that do the most serious damage to the developing fetus are cocaine, heroin, morphine, and LSD
Each year how many infants are affected by prenatal alcohol and/or drug exposure?
Each year, an estimated 400,000 infants (10-11%) are affected by prenatal alcohol or drug exposure
what type of problems can occur through pregnancy if the mother uses cocaine?
For mothers who use cocaine, this causes her blood vessels to constrict, thus reducing the flow of oxygen and other nutrients to the baby
The baby is “dealt a small deck”
What type of effect does cocaine exposure have on a baby?
Cocaine alters action of baby’s neurotransmitters- negatively affects behavior
May have congenital defects such as cleft palate
what are the behaviors and characteristics of drug- exposed children?
Fewer spontaneous vocalizations from infancy
Lack of appropriate gestures and words to communicate needs
Poor visual tracking
Gross and fine motor problems
Decreased awareness of body in space
what are other behaviors and characteristics of drug- exposed children?
Emotional lability- mood swings from apathy to aggressiveness
Great difficulty with transitions and changes
Test limits; refuses to comply
Tantrums, hitting, throwing things
Decrease problem-solving skills
Syntactic problems, esp. disorganized sentences
Word retrieval problems
drug exposed children also have…
Indiscriminate attachment to new people
Decreased responsiveness to praise, rewards
Decreased use of gestures and words to initiate social interactions; poor eye contact
Articulatory-phonological disorders
*Language difficulties that are not easily determined by standardized measures
because of the effects of drugs exposed on children…
In assessment, it may be best to informally evaluate these children’s language skills in everyday settings
These children may not qualify for therapy in the public schools
what are suggestions for intervention for drugs-exposed children?
- Early intervention key
- Studies: parents of cocaine-exposed children increase insecurity, disorganization, avoidance of attachment
- Look at environment, work w/ parents
What should be worked on in intervention?
pragmatic skills
how to work on pragmatic skills?
- Conventional politeness (please, thank you, excuse me)
- Turn-taking skills
- Appropriate expression of feelings (using words) because ch may act out physically
how to keep things structured and not over stimulating in intervention
- Ch benefit from routine structure
- Annoyance transitions in advance- no surprises
- Limit distractions, decrease outer stimuli
since these children (drug-exposed) often do not retain what they learn, what should you do in intervention?
Repeat thing over and over
Use concrete, hands-on activities to teach concepts
Give directions slowly one by one
Give physical movement breaks; don’t expect them to sit still for long
You should also do what in intervention?
Help them learn appropriate play skills, especially cooperative play involving other children
Give physical movement breaks; don’t expect them to sit still for long periods of time
what did Lewis et al (2013) Language outcomes at 12 years for children exposed prenatally to cocaine examine?
Ch prenatally exposed to cocaine esp. had difficulties with syntax and phonological processing (PP)
Deficits negatively impacted reading fluency, comprehension and letter-word identification
What are language and behavioral characteristics of children with HIV/AIDS
HIV manifests primarily in the central nervous system
Children may have chronic OME
They may also have delays in communication skills
Children with HIV/AIDs also have …
Difficulty w/memory and academics
Attention deficits
Difficulties with pragmatics skills
service delivery for babies with HIV…
One issue for babies with HIV/AIDS is prolonged hospitalization
Language stimulation is minimal
Thus, we can provide early language stimulation programs, working with the family
we can specifically work on for children with HIV/AIDS…
- Oral lang and pre-literacy skills
- Providing AAC device if necessary (alternative, -augmentative communication)
- In the later stages of AIDS, work on eye-gaze communication
