LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT OF CHILDREN PRENATALLY EXPOSED TO DRUGS AND/OR ALCOHOL; IMPACT OF AIDS

Question 1

What type of group of children are heterogeneous?

Answer 1

Children with prenatal drug and/or alcohol exposure (PDAE) are a very heterogeneous group

Question 2

What is Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD)?

Answer 2

involves damage to an unborn baby due to the mothers alcohol consumption during pregnancy

Question 3

A Child who has Fetal Alcohol Effects (FAE) has similar problems to who?

Answer 3

The child who has Fetal Alcohol Effects (FAE) has problems similar to those of a child with FASD, but to a lesser degree

Question 4

Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD) is the leading cause of what?

Answer 4

• is the leading cause of intellectual disability in the Western World
• entirely preventable

Question 5

FASD accounts for what?

Answer 5

accounts for 1 in every 500-600 births in the US

Question 6

Studies show how many drinks a day can cause effects on children? and what are those effects?

Answer 6

There are studies linking an average of 1-2 drinks a day during pregnancy to low birthweight, growth abnormalities, and behavioral problems in newborns

Question 7

How much nationally does it cost for treatment of FAS babies?

Answer 7

$14.9 million for treatment of FAS babies

Question 8

How much nationally does it cost for treatment of FAS children under 18?

Answer 8

$670 million total treatment costs for FAS children under 18

Question 9

How much nationally does it cost for lifetime care for ONE child born with FAS?

Answer 9

Lifetime care for ONE child born with FAS is $2.62 million

Question 10

What is the first trimester of pregnancy?

Answer 10

period of brain growth, organ and limb formation

Question 11

Embryo is mostly susceptible to what?

Answer 11

Embryo most susceptible to alcohol from weeks#2-8 after conception

Question 12

what does new research show about women who drink on the first week of conception?

Answer 12

New research: if a woman drinks during the first week after conception, there can be negative effects

Question 13

what happens when a Child is exposed to alcohol in uttero?

Answer 13

Ch. Exposed to alcohol in uttero double jeopardy

Damage done before birth

Question 14

what can happen when a child is born to a drunk or high parent?

Answer 14

After ch is born, drunk, or high parent many no respond appropriately, ignoring or abusing the ch

Question 15

what was the data on 15,000 newborns relating to the fathers drinking and smoking habits?

Answer 15

In one review of data on nearly 15,000 newborns, scientists concluded that a father’s drinking and smoking habits can increase his child’s risk of birth defects, ranging from cleft palate to hydrocephalus

Question 16

What happens to a baby when exposure to job chemicals?

Answer 16

Ongoing exposure to job chemicals can predispose a man’s baby to low birthweight and birth defects

Question 17

What happens to male smokers that father children?

Answer 17

Male smokers double their chances of fathering babies with problems like hydrocephalus

Question 18

what is recommended for men?

Answer 18

Recommended: men abstain from smoking, drinking for 5-6 months before ch conceived

Question 19

what are the 17 characteristics of children with FASD?

Answer 19

1. small head- microcephaly
2. pre and post natal growth problems; low birth weight and length
3. central nervous system dysfunction -> delayed motor development, mild-profound intellectual disability, learning disabilities.
4. ADHD (hyperactive)
5. Abnormal craniofacial features (skull and face); small eyes, strabismus: ( one eye looks straight, other look away), nystagmus :( pupils of eyes quiver like jelly 24/7)
6. malformations of major organ system, esp. heart
7. behavior problems;defiance
8. Swallowing problems
9. learning and school problems, esp. reading and writing
10. speech problems- articulation disorder, oral motor coordination problems.
11. Poor Play, and social skills
12. Cognitive problems–difficulties with memory and reasoning.
13. language delays- comprehension and expression
14. hearing issues– OME (otitis media with effusion, middle ear infection/fluid) and/or sensorineural hearing loss
15. Auditory processing problem
16. sleep disturbances ( hard on caregivers)
17. the eyes may be set wide apart

Question 20

What did Olswang, Svensson, & Astley (2011). Observation of classroom social communication of FASD children examine?

Answer 20

Examined social classroom skills of typically developing (TD) and Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD) students

12 pairs of ch observed in classrooms 20 minutes a day for 4 days across 2 weeks

Question 21

what did Olswang et. al. found?

Answer 21

Ch. w/ FASD not as prosocial as TD peers

Ch. w/ FASD – increased occurrences of passive/ disengaged and irrelevant behavior that TD peers

Question 22

thus, we may need to do what with a FASD student?

Answer 22

Help FASD student be more engaged and social in class room settings
Increase teacher awareness

Question 23

what does the national institute on Drug Abuse estimate?

Answer 23

The National Institute on Drug Abuse estimates that 5.5% of women use some illicit drug during pregnancy

Question 24

Which are the drugs that do the most serious damage to a developing fetus?

Answer 24

Drugs that do the most serious damage to the developing fetus are cocaine, heroin, morphine, and LSD

Question 25

Each year how many infants are affected by prenatal alcohol and/or drug exposure?

Answer 25

Each year, an estimated 400,000 infants (10-11%) are affected by prenatal alcohol or drug exposure

Question 26

what type of problems can occur through pregnancy if the mother uses cocaine?

Answer 26

For mothers who use cocaine, this causes her blood vessels to constrict, thus reducing the flow of oxygen and other nutrients to the baby

The baby is “dealt a small deck”

Question 27

What type of effect does cocaine exposure have on a baby?

Answer 27

Cocaine alters action of baby’s neurotransmitters- negatively affects behavior
May have congenital defects such as cleft palate

Question 28

what are the behaviors and characteristics of drug- exposed children?

Answer 28

Fewer spontaneous vocalizations from infancy
Lack of appropriate gestures and words to communicate needs
Poor visual tracking
Gross and fine motor problems
Decreased awareness of body in space

Question 29

what are other behaviors and characteristics of drug- exposed children?

Answer 29

Emotional lability- mood swings from apathy to aggressiveness
Great difficulty with transitions and changes
Test limits; refuses to comply
Tantrums, hitting, throwing things
Decrease problem-solving skills
Syntactic problems, esp. disorganized sentences
Word retrieval problems

Question 30

drug exposed children also have…

Answer 30

Indiscriminate attachment to new people
Decreased responsiveness to praise, rewards
Decreased use of gestures and words to initiate social interactions; poor eye contact
Articulatory-phonological disorders
*Language difficulties that are not easily determined by standardized measures

Question 31

because of the effects of drugs exposed on children…

Answer 31

In assessment, it may be best to informally evaluate these children’s language skills in everyday settings

These children may not qualify for therapy in the public schools

Question 32

what are suggestions for intervention for drugs-exposed children?

Answer 32

• Early intervention key
• Studies: parents of cocaine-exposed children increase insecurity, disorganization, avoidance of attachment
• Look at environment, work w/ parents

Question 33

What should be worked on in intervention?

Answer 33

pragmatic skills

Question 34

how to work on pragmatic skills?

Answer 34

• Conventional politeness (please, thank you, excuse me)
• Turn-taking skills
• Appropriate expression of feelings (using words) because ch may act out physically

Question 35

how to keep things structured and not over stimulating in intervention

Answer 35

• Ch benefit from routine structure
• Annoyance transitions in advance- no surprises
• Limit distractions, decrease outer stimuli

Question 36

since these children (drug-exposed) often do not retain what they learn, what should you do in intervention?

Answer 36

Repeat thing over and over
Use concrete, hands-on activities to teach concepts
Give directions slowly one by one
Give physical movement breaks; don’t expect them to sit still for long

Question 37

You should also do what in intervention?

Answer 37

Help them learn appropriate play skills, especially cooperative play involving other children

Give physical movement breaks; don’t expect them to sit still for long periods of time

Question 38

what did Lewis et al (2013) Language outcomes at 12 years for children exposed prenatally to cocaine examine?

Answer 38

Ch prenatally exposed to cocaine esp. had difficulties with syntax and phonological processing (PP)
Deficits negatively impacted reading fluency, comprehension and letter-word identification

Question 39

What are language and behavioral characteristics of children with HIV/AIDS

Answer 39

HIV manifests primarily in the central nervous system

Children may have chronic OME

They may also have delays in communication skills

Question 40

Children with HIV/AIDs also have …

Answer 40

Difficulty w/memory and academics
Attention deficits
Difficulties with pragmatics skills

Question 41

service delivery for babies with HIV…

Answer 41

One issue for babies with HIV/AIDS is prolonged hospitalization

Language stimulation is minimal

Thus, we can provide early language stimulation programs, working with the family

Question 42

we can specifically work on for children with HIV/AIDS…

Answer 42

• Oral lang and pre-literacy skills
• Providing AAC device if necessary (alternative, -augmentative communication)
• In the later stages of AIDS, work on eye-gaze communication