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Language Development in Children > Language Development Milestones > Flashcards

Language Development Milestones Flashcards

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1
Q

3 variables that impact language development

A
  1. Innate characteristics - IQ, attention span
  2. Environment - caregivers, amount of stimulation, SES
  3. Cultural Expectations - Americans encourage children to talk, not all cultures do as well
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2
Q

Motherese aka Child-Directed Speech (CDS)

A

Speech that is slower, higher pitch, with dramatic changes in intonation.
Designed to increase child’s attention.
Shorter utterances with concrete language.

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3
Q

Caregiver Role during Infancy

A
  • Turn-taking (ex: peek-a-boo) - foundational for pragmatics
  • Eye contact - also for pragmatics
  • Motivation: if caregiver responds immediately to cry it increases baby’s motivation to communicate. This leads to more frequent & varied interactions
  • Quality of interaction (higher quality increases occurrence)
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4
Q

Locke’s Model Phase 1

A

Vocal Learning
Prenatal - 5/7 months
Familiarize selves with vocal cues that identify people, social behavior, & expression
Dependent on: Outside Stim (aud/vis/tactile)
Systems: Phonology, Prosody, Pragmatics

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5
Q

Locke’s Model Phase 2

A 
Utterance Acquisition
5/7 months - 20/37 months
"Tax box" & Holphrastic
Dependent on: Phase 1 & outside stim
Systems: phon, pros, prag. + SEMANTICS
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6
Q

Locke’s Model Phase 3

A

Analysis & Computation
20/37 months - 3 yrs
Vocab explodes! No longer holophrastic - have grammatical rules. Able to correct speech
Dependent on: Phase 1, 2 & outside stim.
Systems: phon, pros, prag, sem, + MORPHOLOGY & SYNTAX!

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7
Q

Locke’s Model Phase 4

A

Integration & Elaboration
3 yrs +
Fully functioning system with new ability to “layer on” new material. New words & concepts go into “bins”
Dependent on: Phase 1, 2, & 3 + outside stim.
ALL SYSTEMS!

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8
Q

Birth to 3 Months

Language Development

A
  • Startles to sound
  • Visually tracks to sound source
  • Turns head to voice
  • Smiles reflexively
  • Cries for assistance
  • Quiets when picked up
  • Stops or coos back when person talks
  • Produces mostly vocalics
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9
Q

4 - 6 months

Language Development

A
  • Raises arms when mom says “come here!”
  • Looks toward family members when they’re named
  • Begins to produce adult-like vowels
  • Vocal play: growl & raspberries
  • Marginal babbling
  • Varies pitch/volume/rate
  • Responds to name at 5 months
  • Vocalizes pleasure/displeasure
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10
Q

7 - 9 months

Language Development

A
  • Looks at objects when they’re labeled
  • Understands “no”
  • Uses gestures - head shake
  • Uses variety of sound combos
  • Uses inflected vocal play
  • Imitates intonation & speech of others at 9 months
  • Object permanence develops
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11
Q

10 - 12 months

Language Development

A
  • Understands < 10 words
  • Relates symbol & object - FIRST WORD!
  • Obeys some commands
  • Gives block/toy upon request
  • Looks in correct place for hidden toy
  • Uses all consonants & vowels in vocal play
  • Gestures & vocalizations to indicate wants/needs
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12
Q

Pragmatics Birth - 1 yr

A
  • Perlocutionary Behavior: “signals” have an effect on listener, but lack communicative intent (reflexive smile)
  • Illocutionary Behavior (9-10 months): intentional communication (pointing)
  • Locutionary Stage: ( ~ 12 months): word use
  • Joint Reference: Focus attention on event/obj as directed by another person
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13
Q

1 - 2 yrs Syntax

A
  • Holophrastic, single-word phrase. 1 word represents an idea: “UP!” means “pick me up already!”
  • Between 18 months - 2 yrs: combine words!
  • 51 % of utterances are nouns
  • 2 yrs: 50% responses: 3-4 words, other 50% are 2 words. Uses “and” to form conjoined sent.
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14
Q

Pragmatics 1 - 2 yrs

A
  • Presuppositions emerge. Use expressions with shared meaning.
  • Begins to understand dialogue rules. Child takes speaker & listener roles.
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15
Q

Halliday’s 7 functions of Communicative Intent

9 - 18 months

A
  1. Imaginative: Play-acting
  2. Heuristic: Organize & Investigate environment
  3. Regulatory: Control others’ behaviors
  4. Personal: Express Feelings
  5. Informative: Communicate experiences
  6. Instrumental: Getting assistance from others
  7. Interactional: Initiate interaction with others
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16
Q

Dore’s Early Words to Signal Communicative Intent

1 - 2 yrs

A 
Practicing
Protesting
Greeting
Calling/Addressing
Requesting Action
Requesting an Answer
Labeling
Repeating /Imitating
Answering
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17
Q

1 - 2 yrs Semantics

A
  • 3 - 20 words & gestures
  • Most frequent lexical categories: nominal (ball, mommy) + verbs
  • Uses semantic relations
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18
Q

18 months - 2 major Language Development milestones!

A

Produce 10-50 words!

Understands ~ 200 words!

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19
Q

2 - 3 yrs Syntax

A
  • MLU: 2-4 at 36 months with avg. sentence of 3-4 words
  • Subj + Verb + Obj : “Daddy throw ball”
  • Telegraphic Speech
  • Asks Wh- & yes/no questions
  • Expresses negation by adding “no” or “not” in front of verbs: “Me NOT do it”
20
Q

2 - 3 yrs Semantics

A
  • Comprehending precedes production
  • 30 months comprehends up to 2400 words
  • 36 months up to 3600 words
  • Expressive vocab: 200-600
  • Meanings learned in sequence: Obj -> event -> action -> adj
  • 1st pronouns are self-referents (I, me)
  • Answers simple Wh- questions
  • Carries out 1-2 part commands
21
Q

2 - 3 yrs Morphology

A
  • Bound morphemes explode & these develop:
  • inflections (-ing), spatial relationships in/on, plurals, possessives, articles, pronouns)
  • Simple, irregular past tense (were)
  • Is + adj: “that is pretty”
  • Reg past tense (walked)
  • Overregularizes past tense inflections
  • Overgeneralizes plural morphs (feets)
  • Contractions (don’t)
22
Q

2 - 3 yrs Pragmatics

A
  • Utterances generally have communicative intent
  • Rapid topic shifts: 3 yr old can maintain topic ~20% of the time
  • Uses criticisms, commands, requests, threats, questions & answers
  • Interpersonal communication expands - learns to express own opinions & personality
23
Q

3 - 4 yrs Syntax

A
  • Learns clause-connecting devices (and, because)
  • Complex Verb Phrases - Modal verbs (could, should)
  • Tag questions
  • Embedded forms (“the man who came to dinner stayed for a week”)
  • Passive Voice
  • Mostly complete sentences
  • Negation in speech
  • Complex/Compound sentences
24
Q

3 - 4 yrs Morphology

A
  • Irregular plurals
  • 3rd person singular, present tense (he runs)
  • Simple past & present progressives (is running)
  • Negatives (not)
  • Simple plurals
  • Uses “and” as a conjunction
  • Possessive Markers
  • Reflexive Pronouns (myself)
25
Q

3 - 4 yrs Semantics

A
  • 42 months: comp. s
  • Understands common antonyms
  • Knows full name
  • Labels most things in environ.
  • Tells experiences in sequence
  • Recites poems/songs from memory
  • Completes cloze phrases
  • Understands agent-action
26
Q

3 - 4 yrs Pragmatics

A
  • Topic Maintenance
  • Code switches to diff. partners
  • Requests with Y/N & Wh- Q’s
  • Uses greetings
  • Uses ‘politeness markers’: please & thank you
  • Makes jokes
  • Role-plays
27
Q

3 - 4 yrs Brown’s Morphemes

Morpheme type & age

A
  1. Present Progressive -ing @ 19-28 m
    2/3. Prepositions in, on @ 27-30 m
  2. Regular Plural Inflection -s @ 24-33 m
  3. Irregular Past-Tense Verbs (came, ran) @25-46 m
  4. Possessive -s @26-40 m
  5. Uncontractible Copula (Here it is) @ 27-39 m
  6. Articles @ 28-46 m
  7. Past-Tense Reg -ed @ 26-48 m
  8. Regular Third-Person -s (daddy cooks) @ 26-46 m
  9. Irregular Third Person (does, has) @ 28-50 m
  10. Uncontractible Auxiliary (She was working) @ 29-48 m
  11. Contractible Copula (He’s nice) @ 29-49 m
  12. Contractible Auxiliary (Mom is coming) @ 30-50 m
28
Q

4 - 5 yrs Syntax

A
  • 6-6.5 words/sentence
  • MLU 4.5 - 7
  • Complete sentences
  • Complex sentences
  • 8% of sentences are incomplete
  • Future tense
  • Uses “if, so” sentences
  • Passive voice
29
Q

4 - 5 yrs Semantics

A
  • Concrete meaning words
  • Expressive vocab: 1500-2000 words
  • Name items in categories
  • Uses why + how
  • Tells long stories accurately
  • Asks meanings of words
  • Can define 10 common words
30
Q

4 - 5 yrs Morphology

A
  • Uses comparatives (biggER)
  • Uses “could”, “would” in sentences
  • Uses irregular plural
31
Q

4 - 5 yrs Pragmatics

A
  • Judges grammatical correctness
  • Egocentric monologue ~1/3 of the time
  • Tells jokes/riddles
32
Q

5 - 6 yrs Syntax

A
  • Avg. MLU 6-8
  • Past, present & future tenses consistently
  • Asks “how” questions
  • Uses auxiliary “have” correctly occasionally
  • Decreases grammatical errors as sentences & vocab become more sophisticated
33
Q

5 - 6 yrs Semantics

A
  • Spatial relationships (top, behind)
  • Knows right from left
  • Knows complete address
  • Comp. 13000-15000 words
  • Answers inferential Q’s
  • Knows yesterday/tomorrow
  • Compare/Contrast
  • Knows 1st & last
34
Q

5 - 6 yrs Morphology

A
  • Passive forms of main verbs
  • Indefinite pronouns (any, anything)
  • Irregular plurals, possessives, negatives, pronouns
  • Superlatives (-est)
  • Starts using adv.
35
Q

5 - 6 yrs Pragmatics

A
  • Understands humor/surprise
  • Corrects potential errors by modifying the message
  • Recognizes socially offensive message & rewords so it’s polite
  • Ask permission
36
Q

6 - 7 yrs Syntax

A
  • Uses “if” & “so”
  • Uses reflexive pronouns (himself)
  • Begins to use perfect tense forms (have, had)
  • MLU 7.3
37
Q

6 - 7 yrs Semantics

A
  • Comp. 20k-26k words
  • Knows seasons
  • Forms letters left to right
  • Prints alphabet from model
  • Rote counts to 100
  • Tells time related to daily schedule
38
Q

6 - 7 yrs Morphology

A
  • Uses markers fairly consistently
  • Uses irreg. comparatives
  • Gerunds (noun form with -ing on verb affiinitive: fishing)
39
Q

6 -7 yrs Pragmatics

A

May use slang & mild profanity

40
Q

7 - 8 yrs Syntax

A
  • MLU ~ 7-9

- Uses predominantly complex sentence forms

41
Q

7 - 8 yrs Semantics

A
  • Interprets jokes & riddles literally
  • Anticipates story ending
  • Uses some fig. lang.
  • Creates conversation gen. by picture
  • Retells story, keeping main ideas in sequence
42
Q

7 - 8 yrs Morphology

A
  • Most irreg. verb forms
  • Superlatives
  • Reg. uses adverbs.
43
Q

7 - 8 yrs Pragmatics

A
  • Initiates & maintains conversations in small groups
  • Theory of Mind
  • Uses non-linguistics behaviors appropriately
  • Typically concrete topics
44
Q

4 Literacy Skill Areas

A
  1. Phonological Awareness
  2. Print Knowledge
  3. Reading
  4. Writing
45
Q

Literacy Milestones

A

Pre-K: Exposure to reading & alphabet.
Kind: Strengthen oral lang skills. Address reading & writing
1st G: ** predictive of future success & prime-time to swoop in for Early Intervention** focus on reading & writing. Add & Sub
2nd G: Spelling. More abstract material
3rd G: “go from learning to read to reading to learn.” Cursive. Proofread & correct own work
4-6th G: Science & Social Studies. Write reports. Understand 50k words. LLD kids identified.

46
Q

3 Threats to Language Development Process

A
  1. Neurobiology - abnormal structure/function
  2. Etiology - preemies, disease, hx of OME
  3. Psycholinguistic Processes - prob. with perception, memory, gramm. rules

Language Development in Children (3 decks)

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