Language Development Flashcards
How do children communicate in their early days?
Crying, eye gaze
What is prelinguistic communication?
Communication that happens before the first true word
By what age do children use language like adults?
Age 8
Language becomes more ____________ over time
Elaborative
What is a developmental sequence?
The order of milestones that typically developing children hit
List some things that parents interpret as communication during prelinguistic development?
Different cries for different needs
Facial expressions
Eye gaze patterns
Limb + mouth movements
What are protoconversations?
When a caregiver and infant share mutual greeting behaviours like smiles. The caregiver speaks and pauses to wait for infant ‘response’, teaches basic conversation skills like turn taking
What language development happens around 6 months?
Conversations extend to objects of interest, like toys
What language development happens around 8 months?
The infant begins showing communicative intent, pointing, gesturing, and comprehension of words begins
What language development happens around 12 months?
Joint attention can be used to locate objects outside of visual field, the first true word is produced
What must happen for an utterance to count as a child’s first word?
Must show intent, be used in context, and at least sound similar to a real word
What are the three stages of language development?
Perlocutionary, Illocutionary, and Locutionary
What is language like during the perlocutionary phase?
This is the phase before the first word, where eye gaze and facial expressions are interpreted by a caregiver whose response reinforces the actions of the infant
How long does the perlocutionary phase last?
Birth - 8 months
What is language like during the illocutionary phase?
Communication becomes intentional. gestures and vocalizations are used to convey a message
How long does the illocutionary phase last?
8 - 12 months
What is language like during the locutionary phase?
The first meaningful word is said
When does the locutionary stage begin?
Typically around 12 months, when the first word is said
What are some red flags for language development?
Not connecting with others, not babbling
How many stages of prelinguistic vocal development are there?
5
Stage 1 of prelinguistic development: How long does it last and what are some characteristics of it?
Birth - 2 months
Reflexive vocalizations like grunting, sighing, coughing, and burping
Stage 2 of prelinguistic development: How long does it last and what are some characteristics of it?
2 - 4 months
Cooing and laughing begins
Stage 3 of prelinguistic development: How long does it last and what are some characteristics of it?
4 - 6 months
Begins producing vowel and consonant sounds, vocal play and marginal babbling begins. Stops and nasals are formed
Stage 4 of prelinguistic development: How long does it last and what are some characteristics of it?
6 - 10 months
Canonical babbles begin (well-formed syllables)
Stage 5 of prelinguistic development: How long does it last and what are some characteristics of it?
10 - 12 months
Jargon begins, stops, nasals, and glides are produced
What is marginal babbling?
Consonant-like sounds combined with vowel-like sounds to create approximate syllables
What is jargon?
A series of variegated babbles overlaid with varieties of intonation and stress patterns
What happens when a child has a single word vocabulary of ~50 words?
They begin paying more attention to the phonological rules of language and intelligibility improves
What are the three broad categories of types of words that children use?
Substantive, relational, or social
What are substantive words?
They name objects, like mama, juice, or ball
What are relational words?
They describe relationships or characteristics, like that, no, bye-bye, more, big, mine
What are social words?
They maintain relationships, like please, no, hello
What are some pragmatic functions of language within the first year?
Recieve objects or assistance, control behaviors of others, demonstrate awareness of self and express feelings, make contact with others, have events or things explained, pretend or play act, or to communicate experiences
Why is there no syntax or morphology within the first year?
Since they lack enough words to begin combining them, they are not able to have sentence structure or plurals
What language developments happen around 18-24 months?
A spurt in vocabulary is seen, two-word utterances begin and they reflect semantic relation based on relationships between words
What is considered the minimum number of words required to begin combining more than one word?
50 words
How many words do children have on average by 24 months?
120-300 words
How many consonants can children produce in intitial and final positions of words around 24 months?
9-10 in initial position
5-6 in final position
By what age should all phonemes be produced correctly in spontaneous speech?
7-8 years
By what age should children produce nasals, stops, and glides?
3 years
By what age should all vowels be produced correctly?
3 years
Which should children produce well first, vowels or consonants?
Vowels
How do children simplify production of words?
Using phonological processes
