Chapter 1 Flashcards
What is the definition of language?
Language is a rule governed system of arbitrary patterns and symbols used for social communication
What is expressive language?
Language used to get a point across, i.e. speaking, writing, and signing.
What is receptive language?
Understanding what is said to you, i.e. listening, reading, watching
What are the five domains of language?
Phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics
What is communication?
The exchange of information, ideas, needs, and desires, between one or more people. It is a complex, systematic, collaborative, context-bound tool for social actions
What is communicative competence?
A speaker’s degree of success in communicating
What are supralinguistic skills?
Comprehension of meaning behind what is readily available in the content, i.e., inferencing
What are paralinguistic codes/suprasegmentals?
Intonation, stress, rate of speech, pauses, pitch, and rhythm
What is intonation?
The rise and fall of the voice when speaking, involves pitch and rhythm, can signal mood
What is stress?
Emphasis on specific features within a word to determine meaning and distinguish individual words during rapid speech. Rise in pitch, volume, and duration
How does rate of speech change when speaking?
Rate is faster with excitement, slower when you are explaining or emphasizing something
What do pauses signify when speaking?
Emphasizes a portion of the message
What can pitch, rhythm, and pauses signify during speech?
They act like spoken punctuation, marking divisions between phrases and clauses, and showing emphasis on certain parts.
What makes up the comprehension of spoken language by the listener?
38% paralinguistics/supralinguistics; 55% nonlinguistics; 7% spoken words
What are nonlinguistic cues?
Gestures, body language, eye contact, facial expressions, physical distance
What is metalinguistics?
The ability to talk about language, analyze it, think about it, and see it as an entity separate from content
What are the properties of language?
It is a rule governed, social tool, that is generative, reflective, and has displacement.
What does it mean for language to be a social tool?
Language would be meaningless without communication, or the message behind the content. This message must be put out by the speaker and then understood by the listener to then effect change.
What does it mean for language to be generative?
You can be creative with it. There are a potentially endless number of sentences that can be created from a finite number of words within the language.
What does it mean for language to be reflective?
We can use language to reflect on our use of language
What is displacement?
The ability to communicate beyond the immediate context, to talk about the past and the future and make abstractions.
What is dialect?
A subcategory of a primary language that varies based on background, socioeconomics, and region of the country. We do not consider dialectical differences to be disorders.
What is syntax?
Sentence structure or word order
What is morphology?
The use of morphemes, such as suffixes and prefixes
What is phonology?
The structure and sequence of phonemes
What is semantics?
Meaning of words and word combinations
What is pragmatics?
Social language use, what is appropriate and within social conventions
Which domains of language are related to form?
Syntax, morphology, phonology
Which domains of language are related to content?
Semantics
Which domains of language are related to use?
Pragmatics
Which domain of langugage drives, organizes, and encompasses everything else?
Pragmatics
What is semantic meaning?
An individuals understanding of the meaning of a given word
What is discourse?
A sequence of connected thoughts, the connected flow of language, conversation
What are the four types of discourse?
Conversation, expository, narrative, and reading
What is the most formal type of discourse?
Expository
What is conversation?
An oral exchange between two or more participants
What is expository discourse?
Used to inform; procedures, explanations, analysis, and persuasion
What is a narrative?
A story told as a sequence of events?
What is reading?
The interpretation of printed discourse
What is cohesion?
The organization and order of utterances in discourse that build on each other
What is presupposition?
The ability to provide sufficient information for adequate listener comprehension
What is theory of mind?
An individuals ability to understand and interpret another person’s knowledge and beliefs in order to formulate an appropriate message?
What is word relation?
How the meanings of words interact, i.e., antonyms and synonyms
What is semantic relation?
The relationship between objects, persons, and events expressed through language. Describes the role each noun in a sentence has in relation to a verb. I.e., “daddy hit the ball” vs “the ball hit daddy”
All languages have _________ _____ that describe how utterances are linked.
Syntactic rules
What do syntactic rules determine?
Which words can be combined in order to convey meaning
The basic rule or basic order is _______, _____, and _________.
Subject, verb, object
What is a transformational element?
Within a set of rules, sentences can be changed by adding, deleting, and/or rearranging words to create sentences of various types
What is a morpheme?
The smallest unit of language that contains meaning.
What is a free morpheme?
A word that can stand alone and hold meaning
What is a bound morpheme?
A grammatical marker that cannot stand alone
What are derivational bound morphemes?
Prefixes, suffixes, that change class or type of word
What are inflectional bound morphemes?
Suffixes only, do not change the class of the word. I.e., -ing, -est, -er, -ed, -s
In order to communicate, both the sender and reciever must use the same _____, and know the same ______.
Code, rules
What does the sender do in communication?
Encodes/creates a message
What does the reciever do in communication?
Decodes/understands message
What are the three communication modes?
Auditory-oral, visual-graphic, visual-gestural
What is the input and output for the auditory-oral mode of communication?
Input - hearing; output - speaking
What is the input and output for the visual-gestural mode of communication?
Input - sight; output - body language, gesures
What is the input and output for the visual-graphic mode of communication?
Input - sight, reading; Output - writing
Which communication mode is the most flexible and why?
Auditory-oral, vision is unidirectional but you can hear from all around you
Which mode of communication is learned first?
Auditory-oral
Which mode of communication is based on auditory-oral?
Visual-graphic
Children who have speaking problems are more likely to also have _________ problems.
Writing
Oral production and writing are ________-_____ acts
Sensory motor
Differences in auditory-oral vs visual-graphic modes of communication
Punctuation and spelling are only factors in V-G; Level of grammatical complexity is greater in V-G; Fewer cues to decipher in V-G, Much faster to use A-O; Both have different rules
Which modes of communication can be used nonverbally?
Visual-gestural, visual-graphic
Which do children learn first, gestures or words?
Gestures
What is included in visual-gestural communication?
Signs, gestures, manual communication, AAC, body posture, eye gaze
How is speech generated?
Air flows from the lungs and is modified by vocal folds and vocal tract
What does the vocal tract include?
Pharyngeal, oral, and nasal cavity
What does the larynx do?
Houses the vocal folds, prevents foreign objects and food from entering the lungs
What structure stops foods from entering the lungs?
Epiglottis
What is respiration?
The inhalation and exhalation of air
What is phonation?
The use of exhaled air along with changes in subglottal air pressure to create vocal fold vibrations
Are all vowels voiced?
Yes
What does it mean for a sound to be voiced?
Produced with vocal fold vibrations
How is resonance acheived?
After exhaled air passes the larynx, goes through the vocal tract, resonance is achieved by changing the shape and size of the vocal tract
Sonorance
Resonance throughout the vocal tract
Are vowels obstructed?
Not much
What are vowels classified by?
Tongue height, advancement, and lip rounding
Production of consonatns involves the creation of ___________ in the vowel tract
Obstruction
What articulators are involved in the production of consonants?
Lip, teeth, tongue, hard palate, velum, alveolar ridge, pharynx
The velum is _______ during production of oral sounds to create _______________ ________
Raised; velopharyngeal closure
How are consonants classified?
Manner, place, voicing
What are all the manners in which consonants can be classified?
Stops, nasals, fricatives, affricates, liquids, and glides
When is the velum lowered?
Production of nasal sounds
What are some differences between the vocal tracts of newborns and adults?
Space within oral cavity is smaller, mandible is smaller and retracted, sucking pads are present, tongue takes up more space, the tongue has restrictions in movement, soft palate and epiglottis are in approximation as protective mechanism, larynx is higher
What are some changes that occur in the vocal tract in the first three years of life?
Muscle tone of tongue increases; tongue movements become desynchronized from jaw movements; lip closure improves; larynx moves down; movement of larynx during swallow becomes more sophistocated; articulation improves
What does the central nervous system include?
Your brain and spinal cord
What does the spinal cord form?
Brain stem
What is the wrinkled outer surface of the brain called?
Cortex
What is below your cerebrum?
Cerebellum
What is the most anterior part of your brain?
Frontal lobe
What is behind the frontal lobe?
Parietal lobe
What are the frontal and parietal lobes separated by?
Central fissure
What are the landmarks of the brain made up of?
Gyrus/convolution & sulcus/fissure
What are the ridges on the brain called?
Gryus/convolutions
What are the indentations on the brain called?
Sulcus/fissures
What is behind the parietal lobe?
Occipital lobe
What lobe is on the side of your brain?
Temporal
What separates the frontal and temporal lobes?
Sylvian fissure
What is the area around the sylvian fissure known as?
The perisylvian area
What does the perisylvian area contain?
Plantum temporal in upper portion of temporal lobe
What is the plantum temporal involved in?
Language
Which hemisphere is the primary controller of speech and language?
Left
Where is broca’s area?
Left frontal lobe
What does Broca’s area control?
Programs speech production; coordinates neural signals that control the articulators
Where is Wernicke’s area?
Left temporal lobe (partially in the parietal lobe)
What does Wernicke’s area control?
Comprehension of spoken language
Where is the sensory area located?
Parietal lobe
Where is the motor area located?
Frontal lobe
Where does the brain recieve information from?
Sensory nerves
What is the cerebellum involved in?
Analysis and coordination of motor activity, the coordinating functions result in our ability to produce well-timed, smooth movements
How many pairs of cranial nerves are there?
12
How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?
31
Where do the cranial nerves extend?
From the brainstem primary to the head and neck area
Where do the spinal nerves extend?
From the spinal cord to the lower parts of the body
What are the seven cranial nerves discussed in class?
V-trigeminal, VII-facial, VIII-vestibulocochlear, IX-glossopharyngeal, X-vagus, XI-accessory, XII-hypoglossal
V - Trigeminal
Function: face, jaw, mouth;
Motor: jaw, velum
VII - Facial
Function: taste membrane of velum and pharynx;
Motor: Face, lips
VIII - Vestibulocochlear
Function: hearing, balance
Motor: none
IX - Glossopharyngeal
Function: taste, mucous membrane of pharynx, middle ear, mouth
Motor: Pharynx
X - Vagus
Function: Mucous membrane of pharynx, larynx, velum, tongue, lips
Motor: larynx, pharynx
XI - Accessory
Function: none
Motor: velum, larynx, pharynx, neck
XII - Hypoglossal
Function: tongue
Motor: tongue
